Abstract

The olive pomace erosion wear behavior of carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy composite (epoxy/CF) has been analyzed. A tribological test was carried out using an in house centrifugal testing setup in order to simulate the environment in olive oil extraction procedure. The environment is composed from a pomace-to-water ratio 70/30. The erosion wear-rate of this composite has been studied at different impact angles (45 deg and 90 deg) and at different impact velocities (200, 1200, 1500, and 2000 rpm). It was demonstrated that both the impact angle and the impact velocity have a significant effect on the carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy composite erosive wear-rate. The main findings reveal an erosive wear characterized by brittle damage; in fact, micro-cracks at the surfaces and sub-surfaces were found. The damage surfaces were marked by fragmented fibers.

References

1.
Owen
,
R. W.
,
Mier
,
W.
,
Giacosa
,
A.
,
Hull
,
W. E.
,
Haubner
,
R.
,
Spiegelhalder
,
B.
, and
Bartsch
,
H.
,
2000
, “
Identification of Lignans as Major Compounds in the Phenolic Fraction of Olive Oil
,”
Clin. Chem.
,
46
(
7
), pp.
976
988
. 10.1093/clinchem/46.7.976
2.
Beltrán
,
M.
,
Sánchez-Astudillo
,
M.
,
Aparicio
,
R.
, and
García-González
,
D. L.
,
2015
, “
Geographical Traceability of Virgin Olive Oils From South-Western Spain by Their Multi-Elemental Composition
,”
Food Chem.
,
169
, pp.
350
357
. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.07.104
3.
Hadj-Taieb
,
N.
,
Grati
,
N.
,
Ayadi
,
M.
,
Attia
,
I.
,
Bensalem
,
H.
, and
Gargouri,
,
A.
,
2012
, “
Optimisation of Olive Oil Extraction and Minor Compounds Content of Tunisian Olive Oil Using Enzymatic Formulations During Malaxation
,”
Biochem. Eng. J.
,
62
, pp.
79
85
. 10.1016/j.bej.2011.04.003
4.
Bahri
,
A.
,
Guermazi
,
N.
,
Elleuch
,
K.
, and
Ürgen
,
M.
,
2016
, “
“On the Erosive Wear of 304 L Stainless Steel Caused by Olive Seed Particles Impact: Modeling and Experiments
,”
Tribol. Int.
,
102
, pp.
608
619
. 10.1016/j.triboint.2016.06.020
5.
Bahri
,
A.
,
Kaçar
,
E.
,
Akkaya
,
S. S.
,
Elleuch
,
K.
, and
Ürgen
,
M.
,
2016
, “
Wear Protection Potential of TiN Coatings for 304 Stainless Steels Used in Rotating Parts During Olive oil Extraction
,”
Surf. Coat. Technol.
,
304
, pp.
560
566
. 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2016.07.067
6.
Bahri
,
A.
,
Guermazi
,
N.
,
Elleuch
,
K.
, and
Ürgen
,
M.
,
2015
, “
Tribological Performance of TiN Coatings Deposited on 304 L Stainless Steel Used for Olive-Oil Extraction
,”
Wear
,
342–343
, pp.
77
84
. 10.1016/j.wear.2015.08.012
7.
Bahri
,
A.
, and
Elleuch
,
K.
,
2016
, “
Study of the Wear Behavior for Ti-N, TiAl-N for Combating Tribo-Corrosion Problems in Olive Oil Extraction, the International Congress for Applied Mechanics
,”
J d’études Techn.
,
25–30
, pp.
25
30
.
8.
Ben Saada
,
F.
,
Antar
,
Z.
,
Elleuch
,
K.
, and
Ponthiaux
,
P.
,
2015
, “
On the Tribocorrosion Behavior of 304L Stainless Steel in Olive Pomace/tap Water Filtrate
,”
Wear
,
328–329
, pp.
509
517
. 10.1016/j.wear.2015.03.023
9.
Ben Saada
,
F.
,
Elleuch
,
K.
, and
Ponthiaux
,
P.
,
2016
, “
On the Tribocorrosion Responses of Two Stainless Steels
,”
Tribol. Trans.
,
61
(
1
), pp.
1
8
. 10.1080/10402004.2016.1271930
10.
Bhagwat
,
P. M.
,
Ramachandran
,
M.
, and
Raichurkar
,
P.
,
2017
, “
Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Glass/Carbon Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Composites
,”
Mater. Today: Proc.
,
4
(
8
), pp.
7375
7380
. 10.1016/j.matpr.2017.07.067
11.
Ma
,
Y.
,
Ueda
,
M.
,
Yokozeki
,
T.
,
Sugahara
,
T.
,
Yang
,
Y.
, and
Hamada
,
H.
,
2017
, “
A Comparative Study of the Mechanical Properties and Failure Behavior of Carbon Fiber/Epoxy and Carbon Fiber/Polyamide 6 Unidirectional Composites
,”
Compos. Struct.
,
160
(
15
), pp.
89
99
. 10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.10.037
12.
Downey
,
M. A.
, and
Drzal
,
L. T.
,
2016
, “
Toughening of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Polymer Composites Utilizing Fiber Surface Treatment and Sizing
,”
Composites Part A
,
90
, pp.
687
698
. 10.1016/j.compositesa.2016.09.005
13.
Pool
,
K. V.
,
Dharan
,
C. K. H.
, and
Finnie
,
I.
,
1986
, “
Erosive Wear of Composite Materials
,”
Wear
,
107
(
1
), pp.
1
12
. 10.1016/0043-1648(86)90043-8
14.
Kulkarni
,
S. M.
, and
Kishore
,
2001
, “
Influence of Matrix Modification on the Solid Particle Erosion of Glass/Epoxy Composites
,”
Polym. Compos.
,
9
(
1
), pp.
25
30
. 10.1177/096739110100900103
15.
Aglan
,
H. A.
, and
Chenock
,
T. A.
, Jr.
,
1993
, “
Erosion Damage Features of Polyimide Thermoset Composites
,”
SAMPE Q.
, pp.
41
47
.
16.
Sudarshan Rao
,
K.
,
Varadarajan
,
Y. S.
, and
Rajendra
,
N.
,
2015
, “
Erosive Wear Behaviour of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Composite
,”
Mater. Today: Proc.
,
2
(
4–5
), pp.
2975
2983
. 10.1016/j.matpr.2015.07.280
17.
Ren
,
Z. H.
,
Zheng
,
Y. G.
,
Jiang
,
C. H.
,
Cao
,
X. M.
,
Jin
,
P.
, and
Zhang
,
J. S.
,
2015
, “
Erosive Behaviors of SiC Foam/Epoxy Co-Continuous Phase Composites
,”
Wear
,
336–337
(
15
), pp.
21
28
. 10.1016/j.wear.2015.04.019
18.
Harsha
,
A. P.
, and
Jha
,
S. K.
,
2008
, “
Erosive Wear Studies of Epoxy-Based Composites at Normal Incidence
,”
Wear
,
265
(
7–8
),
20
, pp.
1129
1135
. 10.1016/j.wear.2008.03.003
19.
Suresha
,
B.
,
Chandramohan
,
G.
,
Siddaramaiah
,
H.
,
Samapthkumaran
,
P.
, and
Seetharamu
,
S.
,
2007
, “
Three-Body Abrasive Wear Behaviour of Carbon and Glass Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Composites
,”
Mater. Sci. Eng. A
,
443
(
1–2
), pp.
285
291
. 10.1016/j.msea.2006.09.016
20.
Karahan
,
M.
,
Lomov
,
S. V.
,
Bogdanovich
,
A. E.
,
Mungalov
,
D.
, and
Verpoest
,
I.
,
2010
, “
Internal Geometry Evaluation of Non-Crimp 3D Orthogonal Woven Carbonfabric Composite
,”
Composites Part A
,
41
(
9
), pp.
1301
1311
. 10.1016/j.compositesa.2010.05.014
21.
Bogdanovich
,
A. E.
,
Karahan
,
M.
,
Lomov
,
S. V.
, and
Verpoest
,
I.
,
2013
, “
Quasi-static Tensile Behavior and Damage of Carbon/Epoxy Composite Reinforced With 3D non-Crimp Orthogonal Woven Fabric
,”
Mech. Mater.
,
62
, pp.
14
31
. 10.1016/j.mechmat.2013.03.005
22.
Bahri
,
A.
,
Elleuch
,
K.
, and
Ürgen
,
M.
, “
Simulateur d’usure érosive
,”
TU Patent No. 2017/0394
.
23.
Barkoula
,
N. M.
,
Papanicolaou
,
G. C.
, and
Karger-Kocsis
,
J.
,
2002
, “
Prediction of the Residual Tensile Strengths of Carbon-Fiber/Epoxy Laminates With and Without Interleaves After Solid Particle Erosion
,”
Compos. Sci. Technol.
,
62
(
1
), pp.
121
130
. 10.1016/S0266-3538(01)00189-0
24.
Babu
,
B. G.
,
Karthikeyan
,
P. N.
,
Siva
,
K.
, and
Sabarinathan
,
C.
,
2016
, “
Study of Erosion Characteristics of MWCNT’S- Alumina Hybrid Epoxy Nano-Composite Sunder the Influence of Solid Particles
,”
Dig. J. Nanomater. Biostruct.
,
11
(
4
), pp.
1367
1373
.
25.
Vijay
,
B. R.
, and
Srikantappa
,
A. S.
,
2016
, “
Study of the Erosive Wear Behavior of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Composites With an Without Filler—An ANN Approach
,”
Int. J. Res. Aeronaut. Mech. Eng.
,
4
(
7
), pp.
156
166
.
26.
Sarkar
,
S.
,
Badisch
,
E.
,
Mitra
,
R.
, and
Roy
,
M.
,
2010
, “
Impact Abrasive Wear Response of Carbon/Carbon Composites at Elevated Temperatures
,”
Tribol. Lett.
,
37
(
2
), pp.
445
451
. 10.1007/s11249-009-9541-4
27.
Tewari
,
U. S.
,
Harsha
,
A. P.
,
Häger
,
A. M.
, and
Friedrich
,
K.
,
2002
, “
Solid Particle Erosion of Unidirectional Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polyetheretherketone Composites
,”
Wear
,
252
(
11–12
), pp.
992
1000
. 10.1016/S0043-1648(02)00063-7
28.
Papadopoulos
,
A.
,
Gkikas
,
G.
,
Paipetis
,
A. S.
, and
Barkoula
,
N. M.
,
2016
, “
Effect of CNTs Addition on the Erosive Wear Response of Epoxy Resin and Carbon Fibre Composites
,”
Composites Part A
,
84
, pp.
299
307
. 10.1016/j.compositesa.2016.02.012
29.
Sakka
,
M. M.
,
Antar
,
Z.
,
Elleuch
,
K.
, and
Feller
,
J. F.
,
2017
, “
Tribological Response of Epoxy Matrix Filled With Graphite and/or Carbon Nanotubes
,”
Friction
,
5
(
2
), pp.
171
182
. 10.1007/s40544-017-0144-z
30.
Pei
,
X.
, and
Friedrich
,
K.
,
2012
, “
Erosive Wear Properties of Unidirectional Carbon Fiber Reinforced PEEK Composites
,”
Tribol. Int.
,
55
, pp.
135
140
. 10.1016/j.triboint.2012.05.020
31.
Rajesh
,
J. J.
,
Bijwe
,
J.
,
Tewari
,
U. S.
, and
Venkataraman
,
B.
,
2001
, “
Erosive Wear Behavior of Various Polyamides
,”
Wear
,
249
(
8
), pp.
702
714
. 10.1016/S0043-1648(01)00695-0
32.
Márquez-Vera
,
C. A.
,
Laguna-Camacho
,
J. R.
,
Marquina-Chávez
,
A.
,
Juárez-Morales
,
G.
,
Calderón-Ramón
,
C. M.
,
Morales-Cabrera
,
M. A.
,
González-Lee
,
M.
, and
Martínez-Gutiérrez
,
H.
,
2015
, “
Solid Particle Erosion of a Coating Composed of Clay in a Polystyrene Matrix
,”
Wear
,
328–329
(
15
), pp.
132
139
. 10.1016/j.wear.2015.02.005
You do not currently have access to this content.