From a very general point of view, optimization involves numerous calculations and therefore a high computational cost. In the fields where a single calculation is long and the optimization is crucial, specific techniques, devoted to this task, have been developed. First, the surrogate-based models are introduced and a short review of optimization in tribology is presented. The aim of the present work is to combine both. To demonstrate the power of the methodology on a lubricated bearing, the theoretical background is first outlined. Then, the two aforementioned processes are described: the construction of the surrogate, based on the Finite Element Method well-chosen computations, and the Multiobjective Optimization, thanks to a Nondominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm. Both are utilized on a connecting rod big-end bearing. As a result, the power loss and the functioning severity are simultaneously minimized upon a set of ten input parameters. The user is then provided with simple analytical expressions of the input variables, for which the bearing behavior is optimal.

References

1.
Voutchkov
,
I. I.
, and
Keane
,
A. J.
,
2010
, “
Multiobjective Optimization Using Surrogates
,”
Adaptation, Learning, and Optimization, Vol. 7, Computational Intelligence in Optimization
, 1st ed.,
Y.
Tenne
, and
C.-K.
Goh
, eds.,
Springer
,
New York
, pp.
155
175
.
2.
Zitzler
,
E.
,
Deb
,
K.
, and
Thiele
,
L.
,
2000
, “
Comparison of Multiobjective Evolutionary Algorithms: Empirical Results
,”
Evol. Comput.
,
8
(
2
), pp.
173
195
.10.1162/106365600568202
3.
Forrester
,
A. I. J.
, and
Keane
,
A. J.
,
2009
, “
Recent Advances in Surrogate-Based Optimization
,”
Prog. Aerosp. Sci.
,
45
, pp.
50
79
.10.1016/j.paerosci.2008.11.001
4.
Goel
,
T.
,
Vaidyanathan
,
R.
,
Haftka
,
R.
,
Shyy
,
W.
,
Queipo
,
N.
, and
Tucker
,
K.
,
2007
, “
Response Surface Approximation of Pareto Optimal Front in Multi-Objective Optimization
,”
Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng.
,
196
(
4–6
), pp.
879
893
.10.1016/j.cma.2006.07.010
5.
Boedo
,
S.
, and
Eshkabilov
,
S. L.
,
2003
, “
Optimal Shape Design of Steadily Loaded Journal Bearings using Genetic Algorithms
,”
Tribol. Trans.
,
46
(
1
), pp.
134
143
.10.1080/10402000308982610
6.
Papadopoulos
,
C. I.
,
Efstathiou
,
E. E.
,
Nikolakopoulos
,
P. G.
, and
Kaiktsis
,
L.
,
2011
, “
Geometry Optimization of Textured Three-Dimensional Micro-Thrust Bearings
,”
ASME J. Tribol.
,
133
(
4
), p.
041702
.10.1115/1.4004990
7.
Papadopoulos
,
C. I.
,
Nikolakopoulos
,
P. G.
, and
Kaiktsis
,
L.
,
2011
, “
Evolutionary Optimization of Micro-Thrust Bearings With Periodic Partial Trapezoidal Surface Texturing
,”
J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power
,
133
(
1
), p.
012301
.10.1115/1.4001990
8.
Hirani
,
H.
,
2005
, “
Multiobjective Optimization of Journal Bearing Using Mass Conserving and Genetic Algorithms
,”
Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., Part J: J. Eng. Tribol.
,
219
(
3
), pp.
235
248
.10.1243/135065005X9844
9.
Bhat
,
N.
, and
Barrans
,
S. M.
,
2008
, “
Design and Test of a Pareto Optimal Flat Pad Aerostatic Bearing
,”
Tribol. Int.
,
41
(
3
), pp.
181
188
.10.1016/j.triboint.2007.07.011
10.
Bhat
,
N.
,
Barrans
,
S. M.
, and
Kumar
,
A. S.
,
2010
, “
Performance Analysis of Pareto Optimal Bearings Subject to Surface Error Variations
,”
Tribol. Int.
,
43
(
11
), pp.
2240
2249
.10.1016/j.triboint.2010.07.012
11.
Booker
,
J. F.
,
Boedo
,
S.
, and
Bonneau
,
D.
,
2010
, “
Conformal Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication Analysis for Engine Bearing Design: A Brief Review
,”
Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., Part C: J. Mech. Eng. Sc.
,
224
(
12
), pp.
2648
2653
.10.1243/09544062JMES2486
12.
Bonneau
,
D.
,
Guines
,
D.
,
Frêne
,
J.
, and
Toplosky
,
J.
,
1995
, “
EHD Analysis, Including Structural Inertia Effects and a Mass Conserving Cavitation Model
,”
ASME J. Tribol.
,
117
(
3
), pp.
540
547
.10.1115/1.2831288
13.
Piffeteau
,
S.
,
Souchet
,
D.
, and
Bonneau
,
D.
,
2000
, “
Influence of Thermal and Elastic Deformations on Connecting Rod Big-End Bearing Lubrication Under Dynamic Loading
,”
ASME J. Tribol.
,
122
(
1
), pp.
181
191
.10.1115/1.555341
14.
Patir
,
N.
, and
Cheng
,
H. S.
,
1978
, “
An Average Flow Model for Determining Effects of Three-Dimensional Roughness on Partial Hydrodynamic Lubrication
,”
ASME J. Lubr. Technol.
,
100
, pp.
12
17
.10.1115/1.3453103
15.
Patir
,
N.
, and
Cheng
,
H. S.
,
1979
, “
Application of Average Flow Model to Lubrication Between Rough Sliding Surfaces
,”
ASME J. Lubr. Technol.
,
101
, pp.
220
230
.10.1115/1.3453329
16.
Robbe-Valloire
,
F.
,
Paffoni
,
B.
, and
Progri
,
R.
,
2001
, “
Load Transmission by Elastic, Elasto-Plastic or Fully Plastic Deformation of Rough Interface Asperities
,”
Mech. Mater.
,
33
, pp.
617
633
.10.1016/S0167-6636(01)00074-6
17.
ISO 12085,
1996
, Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS), Surface texture: Profile method - Motif parameters, International Organization for Standardization.
18.
Bonneau
,
D.
,
Fatu
,
A.
, and
Souchet
,
D.
,
2011
,
Paliers Hydrodynamiques 1: Equations, Modèles Numériques Isothermes et Lubrification Mixte
,
Hermes Science Publications–Lavoisier
,
Paris
19.
Francisco
,
A.
,
Fatu
,
A.
, and
Bonneau
,
D.
,
2009
, “
Using Design of Experiments to Analyze the Connecting Rod Big- End Bearing Behavior
,”
ASME J. Tribol
.,
131
(
1
), pp.
1
13
.10.1115/1.2991175
20.
Eriksson
,
L.
,
2008
,
Design of Experiments: Principles and Applications
,
MKS Umetrics AB, Umeå
,
Sweden
,
21.
Montgomery
,
D. C.
,
2005
,
Design and Analysis of Experiments
, 6th ed.,
John Wiley & Sons Inc.
,
New York.
22.
Deb
,
K.
,
Pratap
,
A.
,
Agarwal
,
S.
, and
Meyarivan
,
T.
,
2000
, “
A Fast Elitist Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm: NSGA-II
,”
IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput.
,
6
, pp.
182
197
.10.1109/4235.996017
23.
Harnoy
,
A.
,
2002
,
Bearing Design in Machinery: Engineering Tribology and Lubrication
, 1st ed.,
CRC Press
,
Boca Raton, FL.
24.
Lavie
,
T.
,
2012
, “
Optimisation de la Lubrification des Paliers de Tete de Bielle: Demarche Methodologique
,” Ph.D. thesis,
Université de Poitiers, Poitiers
,
France
.
You do not currently have access to this content.