Abstract
The present study reports an experimental evaluation of thermal conductivity of Al2O3/pure coconut oil nano fluids with solid volume fraction varying from 0.1% to 1.2% at a temperature ranging from 303 K to 413 K, respectively. Additionally, the thermophysical properties such as thermal diffusivity, density, and specific heat were also measured. The effect of solid volume fraction and temperature on thermophysical properties of nano fluids was examined. The results confirmed that the thermal conductivity of nano fluids was higher than that of the base fluid with an increase in the solid volume fraction and temperature. Apart from this, the efficiency of nano fluids for the heat transfer application has been evaluated for optimization based on different figures of merit. Further, the experimental thermal conductivity data were compared with different existing models and correlations as the thermal conductivity enhancement of the nano fluid is directly or indirectly a function of almost all thermophysical properties. Hence, a novel dimensionless correlation was developed for predicting the thermal conductivity of pure coconut oil/Al2O3 nano fluids in terms of almost all the thermophysical parameters calculated from the experimental data.
Issue Section:
Research Papers
References
1.
Prasher
, R.
, Evans
, W.
, Meakin
, P.
, Fish
, J.
, Phelan
, P.
, and Keblinski
, P.
, 2006
, “Effect of Aggregation on Thermal Conduction in Colloidal Nanofluids
,” Appl. Phys. Lett.
, 89
(14
), pp. 2004
–2007
. 10.1063/1.23602292.
Yu
, W.
, France
, D. M.
, Routbort
, J. L.
, and Choi
, S. U. S.
, 2008
, “Review and Comparison of Nanofluid Thermal Conductivity and Heat Transfer Enhancements
,” Heat Transfer Eng.
, 29
(5
), pp. 432
–460
. 10.1080/014576307018508513.
Azwadi
, N.
, Sidik
, C.
, Samion
, S.
, Ghaderian
, J.
, Noor
, M.
, Witri
, A.
, and Yazid
, M.
, 2017
, “Recent Progress on the Application of Nanofluids in Minimum Quantity Lubrication Machining: A Review
,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer
, 108
(Part A
), pp. 79
–89
. 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2016.11.1054.
Colangelo
, G.
, Favale
, E.
, Miglietta
, P.
, Milanese
, M.
, and de Risi
, A.
, 2016
, “Thermal Conductivity, Viscosity and Stability of Al2O3-Diathermic Oil Nanofluids for Solar Energy Systems
,” Energy
, 95
(1
), pp. 124
–136
. 10.1016/j.energy.2015.11.0325.
Vajjha
, R. S.
, and Das
, D. K.
, 2009
, “Specific Heat Measurement of Three Nanofluids and Development of New Correlations
,” ASME J. Heat Transfer
, 131
(7
), p. 071601
. 10.1115/1.30908136.
Zhou
, S. Q.
, and Ni
, R.
, 2008
, “Measurement of the Specific Heat Capacity of Water-Based Al2O3 Nanofluid
,” Appl. Phys. Lett.
, 92
(093123
), pp. 1
–4
.7.
Wei
, B.
, Zou
, C.
, and Li
, X.
, 2017
, “Experimental Investigation on Stability and Thermal Conductivity of Diathermic Oil Based TiO2 Nanofluids
,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer
, 104
(1
), pp. 537
–543
. 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2016.08.0788.
Fontes
, D. H.
, Ribatski
, G.
, and Bandarra Filho
, E. P.
, 2015
, “Experimental Evaluation of Thermal Conductivity, Viscosity and Breakdown Voltage AC of Nanofluids of Carbon Nanotubes and Diamond in Transformer Oil
,” Diam. Relat. Mater.
, 58
(9
), pp. 115
–121
. 10.1016/j.diamond.2015.07.0079.
Liu
, H.
, Bai
, M.
, Lv
, J.
, Zhang
, L.
, Wang
, P.
, and Hu
, C.
, 2014
, “Experimental Study and Analysis of Lubricants Dispersed With Nanodiamond Particles on Diesel Engine
,” ASME J. Nanotechnol. Eng. Med.
, 5
(4
), p. 041001
. 10.1115/1.402873310.
Ilyas
, S. U.
, Pendyala
, R.
, Narahari
, M.
, and Susin
, L.
, 2017
, “Stability, Rheology and Thermal Analysis of Functionalized Alumina- Thermal Oil-Based Nanofluids for Advanced Cooling Systems
,” Energy Convers. Manag.
, 142
(6
), pp. 215
–229
. 10.1016/j.enconman.2017.01.07911.
Asadi
, A.
, Asadi
, M.
, Rezaniakolaei
, A.
, Rosendahl
, L. A.
, Afrand
, M.
, and Wongwises
, S.
, 2018
, “Heat Transfer Efficiency of Al2O3-MWCNT/Thermal Oil Hybrid Nanofluid as a Cooling Fluid in Thermal and Energy Management Applications: An Experimental and Theoretical Investigation
,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer
, 117
(2
), pp. 474
–486
. 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2017.10.03612.
Yasinskiy
, A.
, Navas
, J.
, Aguilar
, T.
, Alcántara
, R.
, Gallardo
, J. J.
, Sánchez-Coronilla
, A.
, Martín
, E. I.
, De Los Santos
, D.
, and Fernández-Lorenzo
, C.
, 2018
, “Dramatically Enhanced Thermal Properties for TiO2-Based Nanofluids for Being Used as Heat Transfer Fluids in Concentrating Solar Power Plants
,” Renew. Energy
, 119
(4
), pp. 809
–819
. 10.1016/j.renene.2017.10.05713.
Satti
, J. R.
, Das
, D. K.
, and Ray
, D. R.
, 2016
, “Measurements of Densities of Propylene Glycol-Based Nanofluids and Comparison With Theory
,” ASME J. Therm. Sci. Eng. Appl.
, 8
(2
), pp. 1
–11
. 10.1115/1.403267114.
Asadi
, A.
, Asadi
, M.
, Rezaniakolaei
, A.
, Rosendahl
, L. A.
, and Wongwises
, S.
, 2017
, “An Experimental Investigation on Heat Transfer Capability of Mg(OH)2/MWCNT-Engine Oil Hybrid Nano-Lubricant Adopted as an Automotive Coolant and Lubricant
,” Appl. Therm. Eng.
, 129
, pp. 577
–586
. 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.10.07415.
Padmini
, R.
, Vamsi Krishna
, P.
, and Krishna Mohana Rao
, G.
, 2016
, “Effectiveness of Vegetable Oil Based Nanofluids as Potential Cutting Fluids in Turning AISI 1040 Steel
,” Tribol. Int.
, 94
(2
), pp. 490
–501
. 10.1016/j.triboint.2015.10.00616.
Zin
, V.
, Barison
, S.
, Agresti
, F.
, Colla
, L.
, Pagura
, C.
, and Fabrizio
, M.
, 2016
, “Improved Tribological and Thermal Properties of Lubricants by Graphene Based Nano-Additives
,” RSC Adv.
, 6
(64
), pp. 59477
–59486
. 10.1039/C6RA12029F17.
Chai
, Y. H.
, Yusup
, S.
, Chok
, V. S.
, Arpin
, M. T.
, and Irawan
, S.
, 2016
, “Investigation of Thermal Conductivity of Multi Walled Carbon Nanotube Dispersed in Hydrogenated Oil Based Drilling Fluids
,” Appl. Therm. Eng.
, 107
(8
), pp. 1019
–1025
. 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.07.01718.
Gajrani
, K. K.
, Suvin
, P. S.
, Kailas
, S. V.
, and Mamilla
, R. S.
, 2019
, “Thermal, Rheological, Wettability and Hard Machining Performance of MoS2 and CaF2 Based Minimum Quantity Hybrid Nano-Green Cutting Fluids
,” J. Mater. Process. Technol.
, 266
(4
), pp. 125
–139
. 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2018.10.03619.
Koshy
, C. P.
, Rajendrakumar
, P. K.
, and Thottackkad
, M. V.
, 2015
, “Evaluation of the Tribological and Thermo-Physical Properties of Coconut Oil Added With MoS2 Nanoparticles at Elevated Temperatures
,” Wear
, 330–331
(5
), pp. 288
–308
. 10.1016/j.wear.2014.12.04420.
Satyanarayana
, M.
, and Muraleedharan
, C.
, 2011
, “Comparative Studies of Biodiesel Production From Rubber Seed Oil, Coconut Oil, and Palm Oil Including Thermogravimetric Analysis
,” Energy Sources, Part A Recover. Util. Environ. Eff.
, 33
(10
), pp. 925
–937
. 10.1080/1556703090333063721.
Erhan
, I.
, 2005
, Industrial Uses of Vegetable Oils
, AOCS Press, United States Department of Agriculture
, Peoria, IL
.22.
Maqsood
, A.
, Amin
, N.
, Maqsood
, M.
, Shabbir
, G.
, Mahmood
, A.
, and Gustafsson
, S. E.
, 1994
, “Simultaneous Measurement of Thermal Conductivity and Thermal Diffusivity of Insulators, Fluids and Conductors Using Transient Plane Source (TPS) Technique
,” Int. J. Energy Res.
, 18
(9
), pp. 777
–782
. 10.1002/er.444018090323.
Huang
, L.
, and Liu
, L. S.
, 2009
, “Simultaneous Determination of Thermal Conductivity and Thermal Diffusivity of Food and Agricultural Materials Using a Transient Plane-Source Method
,” J. Food Eng.
, 95
(1
), pp. 179
–185
. 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2009.04.02424.
Khan
, M. N.
, Gustafsson
, S. E.
, and Karawacki
, E.
, 2001
, “Transient Hot-Strip Method for Simultaneously Measuring Thermal Conductivity and Thermal Diffusivity of Solids and Fluids
,” J. Phys. D. Appl. Phys.
, 12
(9
), pp. 1411
–1421
. 10.1088/0022-3727/12/9/00325.
Tertsinidou
, G. J.
, Tsolakidou
, C. M.
, Pantzali
, M.
, Assael
, M. J.
, Colla
, L.
, Fedele
, L.
, Bobbo
, S.
, and Wakeham
, W. A.
, 2017
, “New Measurements of the Apparent Thermal Conductivity of Nanofluids and Investigation of Their Heat Transfer Capabilities
,” J. Chem. Eng. Data
, 62
(1
), pp. 491
–507
. 10.1021/acs.jced.6b0076726.
Gustafsson
, S. E.
, 1991
, “Transient Plane Source Techniques for Thermal Conductivity and Thermal Diffusivity Measurements of Solid Materials
,” Rev. Sci. Instrum.
, 62
(3
), pp. 797
–804
. 10.1063/1.114208727.
Silas Gustafsson
, 1991
, Device for Measuring Thermal Properties of a Test Substance–the Transient Plane Source (TPS) Method
, US Patent No US5044767A, pp. 1
–10
.28.
Ai
, Q.
, Hu
, Z. W.
, Wu
, L. L.
, Sun
, F. X.
, and Xie
, M.
, 2017
, “A Single-Sided Method Based on Transient Plane Source Technique for Thermal Conductivity Measurement of Liquids
,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer
, 109
(6
), pp. 1181
–1190
. 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2017.03.00829.
He
, Y.
, 2005
, “Rapid Thermal Conductivity Measurement With a Hot Disk Sensor: Part 1. Theoretical Considerations
,” Thermochim. Acta
, 436
(1–2
), pp. 122
–129
. 10.1016/j.tca.2005.06.02630.
Bohac
, V.
, Gustavsson
, M. K.
, Kubicar
, L.
, and Gustafsson
, S. E.
, 2000
, “Parameter Estimations for Measurements of Thermal Transport Properties With the Hot Disk Thermal Constants Analyzer
,” Rev. Sci. Instrum.
, 71
(6
), pp. 2452
–2455
. 10.1063/1.115063531.
Mihiretie
, B. M.
, Cederkrantz
, D.
, Rosén
, A.
, Otterberg
, H.
, Sundin
, M.
, Gustafsson
, S. E.
, and Karlsteen
, M.
, 2017
, “Finite Element Modeling of the Hot Disc Method
,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer
, 115
(12
), pp. 216
–223
. 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2017.08.03632.
Pak
, B. C.
, and Cho
, Y. I.
, 1998
, “Hydrodynamic and Heat Transfer Study of Dispersed Fluids With Submicron Metallic Oxide Particles
,” Exp. Heat Transfer
, 11
(2
), pp. 151
–170
. 10.1080/0891615980894655933.
Li
, X.
, Zou
, C.
, Zhou
, L.
, and Qi
, A.
, 2016
, “Experimental Study on the Thermo-Physical Properties of Diathermic Oil Based SiC Nanofluids for High Temperature Applications
,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer
, 97
(6
), pp. 631
–637
. 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2016.02.05634.
Tawfik
, M. M.
, 2017
, “Experimental Studies of Nanofluid Thermal Conductivity Enhancement and Applications: A Review
,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.
, 75
(7
), pp. 1239
–1253
. 10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.11135.
Hedayati
, F.
, Malvandi
, A.
, Kaffash
, M. H.
, and Ganji
, D. D.
, 2015
, “Fully Developed Forced Convection of Alumina/Water Nanofluid Inside Microchannels With Asymmetric Heating
,” Powder Technol.
, 269
(1
), pp. 520
–531
. 10.1016/j.powtec.2014.09.03436.
Asadi
, M.
, Asadi
, A.
, and Aberoumand
, S.
, 2018
, “An Experimental and Theoretical Investigation on the Effects of Adding Hybrid Nanoparticles on Heat Transfer Efficiency and Pumping Power of an Oil-Based Nanofluid as a Coolant Fluid
,” Int. J. Refrig.
, 89
(5
), pp. 83
–92
. 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2018.03.01437.
Agarwal
, R.
, Verma
, K.
, Agrawal
, N. K.
, Duchaniya
, R. K.
, and Singh
, R.
, 2016
, “Synthesis, Characterization, Thermal Conductivity and Sensitivity of CuO Nanofluids
,” Appl. Therm. Eng.
, 102
(6
), pp. 1024
–1036
. 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.04.05138.
Habibnejad-Korayem
, M.
, Mahmudi
, R.
, and Poole
, W. J.
, 2009
, “Enhanced Properties of Mg-Based Nano-Composites Reinforced With Al2O3 Nano-Particles
,” Mater. Sci. Eng. A
, 519
(1–2
), pp. 198
–203
. 10.1016/j.msea.2009.05.00139.
Vajjha
, R. S.
, Das
, D. K.
, and Mahagaonkar
, B. M.
, 2009
, “Density Measurement of Different Nanofluids and Their Comparison With Theory
,” Pet. Sci. Technol.
, 27
(6
), pp. 612
–624
. 10.1080/1091646070185771440.
Wang
, L.
, Tan
, Z.
, Meng
, S.
, Liang
, D.
, and Li
, G.
, 2001
, “Enhancement of Molar Heat Capacity of Nanostructured Al2O3
,” J. Nanoparticle Res.
, 3
(5/6
), pp. 483
–487
. 10.1023/A:101251421642941.
Cabaleiro
, D.
, Gracia-Fernández
, C.
, Legido
, J. L.
, and Lugo
, L.
, 2015
, “Specific Heat of Metal Oxide Nanofluids at High Concentrations for Heat Transfer
,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer
, 88
(9
), pp. 872
–879
. 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2015.04.10742.
Fox
, N. J.
, and Stachowiak
, G. W.
, 2007
, “Vegetable Oil-Based Lubricants—A Review of Oxidation
,” Tribol. Int.
, 40
(7
), pp. 1035
–1046
. 10.1016/j.triboint.2006.10.00143.
Nabeel Rashin
, M.
, and Hemalatha
, J.
, 2013
, “Viscosity Studies on Novel Copper Oxide-Coconut Oil Nanofluid
,” Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci.
, 48
(7
), pp. 67
–72
. 10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2013.02.00944.
Timofeeva
, E. V.
, Routbort
, J. L.
, and Singh
, D.
, 2009
, “Particle Shape Effects on Thermophysical Properties of Alumina Nanofluids
,” J. Appl. Phys.
, 106
(1
), pp. 1
–10
. 10.1063/1.315599945.
Singh
, D.
, Routbort
,J. L.
, Yu
, W.
, Timofeeva
, E.
, Smith
D. S.
, and France
, D. M.
, 2016
, Heat Transfer Fluid Containing Nano Particles
, US Patent No US9340720B2, pp. 1
–34
.46.
Halelfadl
, S.
, Maré
, T.
, and Estellé
, P.
, 2014
, “Efficiency of Carbon Nanotubes Water Based Nanofluids as Coolants
,” Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci.
, 53
(2
), pp. 104
–110
. 10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2013.11.01047.
Maxwell
, J. C.
, 1873
, A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism
, Cambridge University Press
.48.
Akita
, E.
, and Yamada
, O.
, 1980
, “Effective Thermal Conductivity of Dispersed Materials
,” Heat Mass Transfer
, 13
(3
), pp. 27
–37
. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF0099763049.
Yu
, W.
, and Choi
, S. U. S.
, 2003
, “The Role of Interfacial Layers in the Enhanced Thermal Conductivity of Nanofluids: A Renovated Maxwell Model
,” J. Nanopart. Res.
, 5
(1/2
), pp. 167
–171
. 10.1023/A:102443860380150.
Mintsa
, H. A.
, Roy
, G.
, Nguyen
, C. T.
, and Doucet
, D.
, 2009
, “New Temperature Dependent Thermal Conductivity Data for Water-Based Nanofluids
,” Int. J. Therm. Sci.
, 48
(2
), pp. 363
–371
. 10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2008.03.00951.
Patel
, H. E.
, Sundararajan
, T.
, and Das
, S. K.
, 2010
, “An Experimental Investigation Into the Thermal Conductivity Enhancement in Oxide and Metallic Nanofluids
,” J. Nanoparticle Res.
, 12
(3
), pp. 1015
–1031
. 10.1007/s11051-009-9658-252.
Afrand
, M.
, 2017
, “Experimental Study on Thermal Conductivity of Ethylene Glycol Containing Hybrid Nano-Additives and Development of a New Correlation
,” Appl. Therm. Eng.
, 110
, pp. 1111
–1119
. 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.09.02453.
Esfahani
, N. N.
, Toghraie
, D.
, and Afrand
, M.
, 2018
, “A New Correlation for Predicting the Thermal Conductivity of ZnO–Ag (50%–50%)/Water Hybrid Nanofluid: An Experimental Study
,” Powder Technol.
, 323
(1
), pp. 367
–373
. 10.1016/j.powtec.2017.10.02554.
Chon
, C. H.
, Kihm
, K. D.
, Lee
, S. P.
, and Choi
, S. U. S.
, 2005
, “Empirical Correlation Finding the Role of Temperature and Particle Size for Nanofluid (Al2O3) Thermal Conductivity Enhancement
,” Appl. Phys. Lett.
, 87
, pp. 1
–3
.55.
Keblinski
, P.
, Choi
, S. U. S.
, and Eastman
, J. A.
, 2002
, “Mechanisms of Heat Flow in Suspensions of Nano Sized Particles (Nano Fluids)
,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer
, 45
(4
), pp. 855
–863
. 10.1016/S0017-9310(01)00175-256.
Corcione
, M.
, 2011
, “Empirical Correlating Equations for Predicting the Effective Thermal Conductivity and Dynamic Viscosity of Nanofluids
,” Energy Convers. Manag.
, 52
(1
), pp. 789
–793
. 10.1016/j.enconman.2010.06.072Copyright © 2020 by ASME
You do not currently have access to this content.
