The current challenge of human society is to meet the large demand of freshwater, which is depleting at a faster rate due to a rapid rise in human population and fast urbanization. Solar still is the economical way to obtain fresh water since it solely requires the energy from the sun alone for its operation, which is abundantly and freely available in nature. The major constraint in conventional solar still (CSS) is to maintain a large surface area of water with a minimum water depth. The best solution for the above constraint is to prefer inclined solar still (ISS) in which the surface area of water is large with a minimum water depth. In order to improvise the performance and efficiency of ISS, numerous works have been incorporated by increasing the free surface area of water. The distillate yield collected from the passive ISS was found as 1000–8100 mL/m2 whereas active ISS produced the distillate yield of 1045–9000 mL/day. In this review, an attempt is made to analyze the present status of different designs in ISS to motivate further research in ISS technology for meeting the demand of fresh water.
Issue Section:
Research Papers
References
1.
Malik
, M. A. S.
, Tiwar
, G. N.
, Kumar
, A.
, and Sodha
, M. S.
, 1982
, Solar Distillation
, Pergamon Press
, Oxford, UK
, pp. 100–109.2.
Abdenacer
, P. K.
, and Nafila
, S.
, 2007
, “Impact of Temperature Difference (Water Solar Collector) on Solar Still Global Efficiency
,” Desalination
, 209
(1–3
), pp. 298
–305
.3.
He
, T.
, and Yan
, L.
, 2009
, “Application of Alternative Energy Integration Technology in Sea Water Desalination
,” Desalination
, 249
(1
), pp. 104
–108
.4.
Murugavel
, K. K.
, Anburaj
, P.
, Hanson
, R. S.
, and Elango
, T.
, 2013
, “Progresses in Inclined Type Solar Stills
,” Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev.
, 20
, pp. 364
–377
.5.
Kaviti
, A. K.
, Yadav
, A.
, and Shukla
, A.
, 2016
, “Inclined Solar Still Designs: A Review
,” Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev.
, 54
, pp. 429
–451
.6.
Manikandan
, V.
, Shanmugasundaram
, K.
, Shanmugan
, S.
, Janarthanan
, B.
, and Chandrasekaran
, J.
, 2013
, “Wick Type Solar Stills: A Review
,” Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev.
, 20
, pp. 322
–335
.7.
Srithar
, K.
, and Rajaseenivasan
, T.
, 2018
, “Recent Fresh Water Augmentation Techniques in Solar Still and HDH Desalination—A Review
,” Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev.
, 82
, pp. 629
–644
.8.
Nayi
, K. H.
, and Modi
, K. V.
, 2018
, “Pyramid Solar Still: A Comprehensive Review
,” Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev.
, 81
, pp. 136
–148
.9.
Kabeel
, A. E.
, Omara
, Z. M.
, and Younes
, M. M.
, 2015
, “Techniques Used to Improve the Performance of the Stepped Solar Still—A Review
,” Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev.
, 46
, pp. 178
–188
.10.
Omara
, Z. M.
, Kabeel
, A. E.
, and Abdullah
, A. S.
, 2017
, “A Review of Solar Still Performance With Reflectors
,” Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev.
, 68
, pp. 638
–649
.11.
Sharshir
, S. W.
, Elsheikh
, A. H.
, Peng
, G.
, Yang
, N.
, El-Samadony
, M. O. A.
, and Kabeel
, A. E.
, 2017
, “Thermal Performance and Exergy Analysis of Solar Stills—A Review
,” Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev.
, 73
, pp. 521
–544
.12.
Sivakumar
, V.
, and Sundaram
, E. G.
, 2013
, “Improvement Techniques of Solar Still Efficiency: A Review
,” Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev.
, 28
, pp. 246
–264
.13.
Elango
, C.
, Gunasekaran
, N.
, and Sampathkumar
, K.
, 2015
, “Thermal Models of Solar Still—A Comprehensive Review
,” Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev.
, 47
, pp. 856
–911
.14.
Rajaseenivasan
, T.
, Murugavel
, K. K.
, Elango
, T.
, and Hansen
, R. S.
, 2013
, “A Review of Different Methods to Enhance the Productivity of the Multi-Effect Solar Still
,” Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev.
, 17
, pp. 248
–259
.15.
Ranjan
, K. R.
, and Kaushik
, S. C.
, 2013
, “Energy, Exergy and Thermo-Economic Analysis of Solar Distillation Systems: A Review
,” Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev.
, 27
, pp. 709
–723
.16.
Durkaieswaran
, P.
, and Murugavel
, K. K.
, 2015
, “Various Special Designs of Single Basin Passive Solar Still—A Review
,” Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev.
, 49
, pp. 1048
–1060
.17.
El-Sebaii
, A. A.
, and El-Bialy
, E.
, 2015
, “Advanced Designs of Solar Desalination Systems: A Review
,” Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev.
, 49
, pp. 1198
–1212
.18.
Panchal
, H. N.
, and Patel
, S.
, 2017
, “An Extensive Review on Different Design and Climatic Parameters to Increase Distillate Output of Solar Still
,” Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev.
, 69
, pp. 750
–758
.19.
Samee
, M. A.
, Mirza
, U. K.
, Majeed
, T.
, and Ahmad
, N.
, 2007
, “Design and Performance of a Simple Single Basin Solar Still
,” Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev.
, 11
(3
), pp. 543
–549
.20.
Kumar
, P. V.
, Kumar
, A.
, Prakash
, O.
, and Kaviti
, A. K.
, 2015
, “Solar Stills System Design: A Review
,” Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev.
, 51
, pp. 153
–181
.21.
Manokar
, A. M.
, Murugavel
, K. K.
, and Esakkimuthu
, G.
, 2014
, “Different Parameters Affecting the Rate of Evaporation and Condensation on Passive Solar Still—A Review
,” Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev.
, 38
, pp. 309
–322
.22.
Muftah
, A. F.
, Alghoul
, M. A.
, Fudholi
, A.
, Abdul-Majeed
, M. M.
, and Sopian
, K.
, 2014
, “Factors Affecting Basin Type Solar Still Productivity: A Detailed Review
,” Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev.
, 32
, pp. 430
–447
.23.
Velmurugan
, V.
, and Srithar
, K.
, 2011
, “Performance Analysis of Solar Stills Based on Various Factors Affecting the Productivity—A Review
,” Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev.
, 15
(2
), pp. 1294
–1304
.24.
Sathyamurthy
, R.
, El-Agouz
, S. A.
, Nagarajan
, P. K.
, Subramani
, J.
, Arunkumar
, T.
, Mageshbabu
, D.
, Madhu
, B.
, Bharathwaaj
, R.
, and Prakash
, N.
, 2017
, “A Review of Integrating Solar Collectors to Solar Still
,” Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev.
, 77
, pp. 1069
–1097
.25.
Sampathkumar
, K.
, Arjunan
, T. V.
, Pitchandi
, P.
, and Senthilkumar
, P.
, 2010
, “Active Solar Distillation—A Detailed Review
,” Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev.
, 14
(6
), pp. 1503
–1526
.26.
Chandrashekara
, M.
, and Yadav
, A.
, 2017
, “Water Desalination System Using Solar Heat: A Review
,” Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev.
, 67
, pp. 1308
–1330
.27.
Manokar
, A. M.
, Winston
, D. P.
, Kabeel
, A. E.
, Sathyamurthy
, R.
, and Arunkumar
, T.
, 2018, “Different Parameter and Technique Affecting the Rate of Evaporation on Active Solar Still—A Review
,” Heat Mass Transfer
, 54
(3), pp. 593–630.28.
Manokar
, A. M.
, Winston
, D. P.
, Kabeel
, A. E.
, El-Agouz
, S. A.
, Sathyamurthy
, R.
, Arunkumar
, T.
, Madhu
, B.
, and Ahsan
, A.
, 2018
, “Integrated PV/T Solar Still—A Mini Review
,” Desalination
, 435
, pp. 140–151.29.
Egelioglu
, F.
, Agboola
, P. O.
, and Madani
, S. S.
, 2013
, “Improved Inclined Solar Water Desalination System
,” J. MacroTrends Appl. Sci.
, 1
(1), pp. 67
–88
.30.
El-Agouz
, S. A.
, El-Samadony
, Y. A. F.
, and Kabeel
, A. E.
, 2015
, “Performance Evaluation of a Continuous Flow Inclined Solar Still Desalination System
,” Energy Convers. Manage.
, 101
, pp. 606
–615
.31.
Aybar
, H. Ş.
, Irani
, F.
, and Arslan
, M.
, 2016
, “Performance Analysis of Single and Double Basin-Inclined Solar Water Distillation Systems With and Without Black-Fleece Wick
,” Desalin. Water Treat.
, 57
(37
), pp. 17167
–17181
.32.
Sathyamurthy
, R.
, Samuel
, D. H.
, and Nagarajan
, P. K.
, 2016
, “Theoretical Analysis of Inclined Solar Still With Baffle Plates for Improving the Fresh Water Yield
,” Process Saf. Environ. Prot.
, 101
, pp. 93
–107
.33.
Nagarajan
, P. K.
, El-Agouz
, S. A.
, Harris Samuel
, D. G.
, Edwin
, M.
, Madhu
, B.
, Ravishankar Sathyamurthy
, and Bharathwaaj
, R.
, 2017
, “Analysis of an Inclined Solar Still With Baffles for Improving the Yield of Fresh Water
,” Process Saf. Environ. Prot.
, 105
, pp. 326
–337
.34.
Alaudeen
, A.
, Johnson
, K.
, Ganasundar
, P.
, Abuthahir
, A. S.
, and Srithar
, K.
, 2014
, “Study on Stepped Type Basin in a Solar Still
,” J. King Saud Univ., Eng. Sci.
, 26
(2
), pp. 176
–183
.35.
El-Agouz
, S. A.
, 2014
, “Experimental Investigation of Stepped Solar Still With Continuous Water Circulation
,” Energy Convers. Manage.
, 86
, pp. 186
–193
.36.
El-Samadony
, Y. A. F.
, and Kabeel
, A. E.
, 2014
, “Theoretical Estimation of the Optimum Glass Cover Water Film Cooling Parameters Combinations of a Stepped Solar Still
,” Energy
, 68
, pp. 744
–750
.37.
El-Samadony
, Y. A. F.
, El-Maghlany
, W. M.
, and Kabeel
, A. E.
, 2016
, “Influence of Glass Cover Inclination Angle on Radiation Heat Transfer Rate Within Stepped Solar Still
,” Desalination
, 384
, pp. 68
–77
.38.
Omara
, Z. M.
, Kabeel
, A. E.
, and Younes
, M. M.
, 2013
, “Enhancing the Stepped Solar Still Performance Using Internal Reflectors
,” Desalination
, 314
, pp. 67
–72
.39.
Omara
, Z. M.
, Kabeel
, A. E.
, and Younes
, M. M.
, 2014
, “Enhancing the Stepped Solar Still Performance Using Internal and External Reflectors
,” Energy Convers. Manage.
, 78
, pp. 876
–881
.40.
Muftah
, A. F.
, Sopian
, K.
, and Alghoul
, M. A.
, 2018
, “Performance of Basin Type Stepped Solar Still Enhanced With Superior Design Concepts
,” Desalination
, 435
, pp. 198–209.41.
Velmurugan
, V.
, Kumar
, K. N.
, Haq
, T. N.
, and Srithar
, K.
, 2009
, “Performance Analysis in Stepped Solar Still for Effluent Desalination
,” Energy
, 34
(9
), pp. 1179
–1186
.42.
Abujazar
, M. S. S.
, Fatihah
, S.
, and Kabeel
, A. E.
, 2017
, “Seawater Desalination Using Inclined Stepped Solar Still With Copper Trays in a Wet Tropical Climate
,” Desalination
, 423
, pp. 141
–148
.43.
Abujazar
, M. S. S.
, Fatihah
, S.
, Ibrahim
, A. I.
, Kabeel
, A. E.
, and Sharil
, S.
, 2018
, “Productivity Modelling of a Developed Inclined Stepped Solar Still System Based on Actual Performance and Using a Cascaded Forward Neural Network Model
,” J. Cleaner Prod.
, 170
, pp. 147–159.44.
Sadineni
, S. B.
, Hurt
, R.
, Halford
, C. K.
, and Boehm
, R. F.
, 2008
, “Theory and Experimental Investigation of a Weir-Type Inclined Solar Still
,” Energy
, 33
(1
), pp. 71
–80
.45.
Tabrizi
, F. F.
, Dashtban
, M.
, Moghaddam
, H.
, and Razzaghi
, K.
, 2010
, “Effect of Water Flow Rate on Internal Heat and Mass Transfer and Daily Productivity of a Weir-Type Cascade Solar Still
,” Desalination
, 260
(1–3
), pp. 239
–247
.46.
Zoori
, H. A.
, Tabrizi
, F. F.
, Sarhaddi
, F.
, and Heshmatnezhad
, F.
, 2013
, “Comparison Between Energy and Exergy Efficiencies in a Weir Type Cascade Solar Still
,” Desalination
, 325
, pp. 113
–121
.47.
Dashtban
, M.
, and Tabrizi
, F. F.
, 2011
, “Thermal Analysis of a Weir-Type Cascade Solar Still Integrated With PCM Storage
,” Desalination
, 279
(1–3
), pp. 415
–422
.48.
Tabrizi
, F. F.
, Dashtban
, M.
, and Moghaddam
, H.
, 2010
, “Experimental Investigation of a Weir-Type Cascade Solar Still With Built-In Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage System
,” Desalination
, 260
(1–3
), pp. 248
–253
.49.
Sarhaddi
, F.
, Tabrizi
, F. F.
, Zoori
, H. A.
, and Mousavi
, S. A. H. S.
, 2017
, “Comparative Study of Two Weir Type Cascade Solar Stills With and Without PCM Storage Using Energy and Exergy Analysis
,” Energy Convers. Manage.
, 133
, pp. 97
–109
.50.
Sharon
, H.
, Reddy
, K. S.
, Krithika
, D.
, and Philip
, L.
, 2017
, “Experimental Performance Investigation of Tilted Solar Still With Basin and Wick for Distillate Quality and Enviro-Economic Aspects
,” Desalination
, 410
, pp. 30
–54
.51.
Aybar
, H. Ş.
, Egelioğlu
, F.
, and Atikol
, U.
, 2005
, “An Experimental Study on an Inclined Solar Water Distillation System
,” Desalination
, 180
(1–3
), pp. 285
–289
.52.
Aybar
, H. Ş.
, 2006
, “Mathematical Modeling of an Inclined Solar Water Distillation System
,” Desalination
, 190
(1–3
), pp. 63
–70
.53.
Deniz
, E.
, 2013
, “An Investigation of Some of the Parameters Involved in Inclined Solar Distillation Systems
,” Environ. Prog. Sustainable Energy
, 32
(2
), pp. 350
–354
.54.
Hansen
, R. S.
, Narayanan
, C. S.
, and Murugavel
, K. K.
, 2015
, “Performance Analysis on Inclined Solar Still With Different New Wick Materials and Wire Mesh
,” Desalination
, 358
, pp. 1
–8
.55.
Janarthanan
, B.
, Chandrasekaran
, J.
, and Kumar
, S.
, 2006
, “Performance of Floating Cum Tilted-Wick Type Solar Still With the Effect of Water Flowing Over the Glass Cover
,” Desalination
, 190
(1–3
), pp. 51
–62
.56.
Mahdi
, J. T.
, Smith
, B. E.
, and Sharif
, A. O.
, 2011
, “An Experimental Wick-Type Solar Still System: Design and Construction
,” Desalination
, 267
(2–3
), pp. 233
–238
.57.
Yeh
, H. M.
, and Ma
, N. T.
, 1990
, “Energy Balances for Upward-Type, Double-Effect Solar Stills
,” Energy
, 15
(12
), pp. 1161
–1169
.58.
Yeh
, H. M.
, and Chen
, Z. F.
, 1992
, “Experimental Studies on Wick-Type, Double-Effect Solar Distillers With Air Flow Through the Second-Effect Unit
,” Energy
, 17
(3
), pp. 269
–273
.59.
Yeh
, H. M.
, and Chen
, Z. F.
, 1992
, “Energy Balances in Wick-Type Double-Effect Solar Distillers With Air Flow Through the Second-Effect Unit
,” Energy
, 17
(12
), pp. 1239
–1247
.60.
Tiwari
, G. N.
, and Yadav
, Y. P.
, 1987
, “Comparative Designs and Long Term Performance of Various Designs of Solar Distiller
,” Energy Convers. Manage.
, 27
(3
), pp. 327
–333
.61.
Yadav
, Y. P.
, and Tiwari
, G. N.
, 1989
, “Demonstration Plants of Fibre Reinforced Plastic Multi Wick Solar Still: An Experimental Study
,” Sol. Wind Technol.
, 6
(6
), pp. 653
–666
.62.
Singh
, A. K.
, and Tiwari
, G. N.
, 1992
, “Performance Study of Double Effect Distillation in a Multi Wick Solar Still
,” Energy Convers. Manage.
, 33
(3
), pp. 207
–214
.63.
Singh
, A. K.
, and Tiwari
, G. N.
, 1992
, “Performance of Thermal Evaluation of Multi-Effect Distillation System
,” Heat Recovery Syst. CHP
, 12
(5
), pp. 445
–450
.64.
Dhiman
, N. K.
, and Tiwari
, G. N.
, 1990
, “Effect of Water Flowing Over the Glass Cover of a Multi-Wick Solar Still
,” Energy Convers. Manage.
, 30
(3
), pp. 245
–250
.65.
Sodha
, M. S.
, Kumar
, A.
, Tiwari
, G. N.
, and Tyagi
, R. C.
, 1981
, “Simple Multiple Wick Solar Still: Analysis and Performance
,” Sol. Energy
, 26
(2
), pp. 127
–131
.66.
Tanaka
, H.
, and Nakatake
, Y.
, 2007
, “Improvement of the Tilted Wick Solar Still by Using a Flat Plate Reflector
,” Desalination
, 216
(1–3
), pp. 139
–146
.67.
Tanaka
, H.
, 2011
, “Tilted Wick Solar Still With Flat Plate Bottom Reflector
,” Desalination
, 273
(2
), pp. 405
–413
.68.
Tanaka
, H.
, 2013
, “Optimum Inclination of Still and Bottom Reflector for Tilted Wick Solar Still With Flat Plate Bottom Reflector
,” Desalin. Water Treat.
, 51
(34–36
), pp. 6482
–6489
.69.
Tanaka
, H.
, and Nakatake
, Y.
, 2009
, “One Step Azimuth Tracking Tilted-Wick Solar Still With a Vertical Flat Plate Reflector
,” Desalination
, 235
(1–3
), pp. 1
–8
.70.
Sathyamurthy
, R.
, Nagarajan
, P. K.
, El-Agouz
, S. A.
, Jaiganesh
, V.
, and Khanna
, P. S.
, 2015
, “Experimental Investigation on a Semi-Circular Trough-Absorber Solar Still With Baffles for Fresh Water Production
,” Energy Convers. Manage.
, 97
, pp. 235
–242
.71.
Minasian
, A. N.
, and Al-Karaghouli
, A. A.
, 1995
, “An Improved Solar Still: The Wick-Basin Type
,” Energy Convers. Manage.
, 36
(3
), pp. 213
–217
.72.
Eltawil
, M. A.
, and Zhengming
, Z.
, 2009
, “Wind Turbine-Inclined Still Collector Integration With Solar Still for Brackish Water Desalination
,” Desalination
, 249
(2
), pp. 490
–497
.73.
Naveen Kumar
, P.
, Harris Samuel
, D. G.
, Nagarajan
, P. K.
, and Sathyamurthy
, R.
, 2017
, “Theoretical Analysis of a Triangular Pyramid Solar Still Integrated to an Inclined Solar Still With Baffles
,” Int. J. Ambient Energy
, 38
(7), pp. 694–700.74.
Naveen Kumar
, P.
, Manokar
, A.
, M.
, Madhu
, B.
, Kabeel
, A. E.
, Arunkumar
, T.
, Panchal
., H.
, and Sathyamurthy
, R.
, “Experimental Investigation on the Effect of Water Mass in Triangular Pyramid Solar Still Integrated to Inclined Solar Still
,” Groundwater Sustainable Dev.
, 5
, pp. 229–234.75.
Panchal
, H.
, Taamneh
, Y.
, Sathyamurthy
, R.
, Kabeel
, A. E.
, El-Agouz
, S. A.
, Naveen Kumar
, P.
, Muthu Manokar
, A.
, Arunkumar
, T.
, Mageshbabu
, D.
, and Bharathwaaj
, R.
, 2017
, “Economic and Exergy Investigation of Triangular Pyramid Solar Still Integrated to Inclined Solar Still With Baffles
,” Int. J. Ambient Energy
(epub). 76.
Hansen
, R. S.
, and Murugavel
, K. K.
, 2017
, “Enhancement of Integrated Solar Still Using Different New Absorber Configurations: An Experimental Approach
,” Desalination
, 422
, pp. 59
–67
.77.
Abdullah
, A. S.
, 2013
, “Improving the Performance of Stepped Solar Still
,” Desalination
, 319
, pp. 60
–65
.78.
Kabeel
, A. E.
, Khalil
, A.
, Omara
, Z. M.
, and Younes
, M. M.
, 2012
, “Theoretical and Experimental Parametric Study of Modified Stepped Solar Still
,” Desalination
, 289
, pp. 12
–20
.79.
Morad
, M. M.
, El-Maghawry
, H. A.
, and Wasfy
, K. I.
, 2017
, “A Developed Solar-Powered Desalination System for Enhancing Fresh Water Productivity
,” Sol. Energy
, 146
, pp. 20
–29
.80.
Manokar
, A. M.
, Winston
, D. P.
, Kabeel
, A. E.
, and Sathyamurthy
, R.
, 2018
, “Sustainable Fresh Water and Power Production by Integrating PV Panel in Inclined Solar Still
,” J. Cleaner Prod.
, 172
, pp. 2711
–2719
.81.
Manokar
, A. M.
, Winston
, D. P.
, Mondol
, J. D.
, Sathyamurthy
, R.
, Kabeel
, A. E.
, and Panchal
, H.
, 2018
, “Comparative Study of an Inclined Solar Panel Basin Solar Still in Passive and Active Mode
,” Sol. Energy
, 169
, pp. 206
–216
.Copyright © 2019 by ASME
You do not currently have access to this content.
