A novel hybrid heating method which combines the conventional electric-resistance specimen heating with microcoil heating of specimen ends to achieve uniform heating over the gauge length is presented. Resistive heating of a miniature specimen develops a parabolic temperature profile with lowest temperature at the grip ends because of the heat loss to the gripper. Coil heating at the specimen ends compensates for this heat loss resulting in uniform temperature distribution over the central segment of the specimen. Thermo-electric finite element simulations were carried out to analyze the transient and steady temperature distribution in miniature specimens followed by experimental validation.
Issue Section:
Technical Brief
Keywords:
Hydroforming
References
1.
Lord
, J. D.
, Roebuck
, B.
, Morrell
, R.
, and Lube
, T.
, 2010
, “Aspects of Strain and Strength Measurement in Miniaturized Testing for Engineering Metals and Ceramics
,” Mater. Sci. Technol.
, 26
(2
), pp. 127
–148
.2.
Jaya
, B. N.
, and Alam
, M. Z.
, 2013
, “Small-Scale Mechanical Testing of Materials
,” Curr. Sci.
, 105
(8
), pp. 1073
–1099
.3.
Lucas
, G. E.
, 1983
, “The Development of Small Specimen Mechanical Tests Techniques
,” J. Nucl. Mater.
, 117
, pp. 327
–339
.4.
Hyde
, T. H.
, Sun
, W.
, and Williams
, J. A.
, 2007
, “Requirements for and Use of a Miniature Test Specimens to Provide Mechanical and Creep Properties of Materials: A Review
,” Int. Mater. Rev.
, 52
(4
), pp. 213
–255
.5.
Lucas
, G. E.
, 1990
, “Review of Small Specimen Test Techniques for Irradiation Testing
,” Metall. Trans. A
, 21
(5
), pp. 1105
–1119
.6.
Lucas
, G. E.
, Odette
, G. R.
, Matsui
, H.
, Moslang
, A.
, Spatig
, P.
, Rensman
, J.
, and Yamamoto
, T.
, 2007
, “The Role of Small Specimen Tests Technology in Fusion Materials Development
,” J. Nucl. Mater.
, 367–370
(Part B), pp. 1549
–1556
.7.
Wakai
, E.
, Nogami
, S.
, Kasada
, R.
, Kimura
, A.
, Kurishita
, H.
, Saito
, M.
, Ito
, Y.
, Takada
, F.
, Nakamura
, K.
, Molla
, J.
, and Garin
, P.
, 2011
, “Small Specimen Test Technology and Methodology of IFMIF/EVEDA and the Further Subjects
,” J. Nucl. Mater.
, 417
(1–3), pp. 1325
–1330
.8.
Razali
, A. R.
, and Qin
, Y.
, 2013
, “A Review on Micro-Manufacturing, Micro-Forming and Their Key Issues
,” Procedia Eng.
, 53
, pp. 665
–672
.9.
Eichehueller
, B.
, 2007
, “Microforming at Elevated Temperature Forming and Material Behavior
,” Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol.
, 33
(1
), pp. 119
–124
.10.
Geiger
, M.
, Kleiner
, M.
, Eckstein
, R.
, Tiesler
, N.
, and Engel
, U.
, 2001
, “Microforming
,” CIRP Ann.—Manuf. Technol.
, 50
(2
), pp. 445
–462
.11.
Fu
, M. W.
, and Chan
, W. L.
, 2014
, Micro-Scales Products Developments Via Microforming
(Springer Series in Advanced Manufacturing), Springer-Verlag
, London
, pp. 9
–41
.12.
Czoboly
, E.
, Gillemot
, F.
, and Oszwald
, F.
, 1998
, “Small Specimen Testing Applied at Surveillance Extension
,” Small Specimen Test Techniques
, ASTM, Philadelphia, PA, pp. 163
–172
, Standard No. STP 1329.13.
Hankin
, G. L.
, Toloczko
, M. B.
, Hamilton
, M. L.
, Garner
, F. A.
, and Faulkner
, R. G.
, 1998
, “Validation of the Shear Punch-Tensile Correlation Technique Using Irradiated Materials
,” J. Nucl. Mater.
, 258–263
(Part 2
), pp. 1651
–1656
.14.
Nedoushan
, R. J.
, Farzin
, M.
, and Banabic
, D.
, 2014
, “Simulation of Hot Forming Process: Using Cost Effective Micro-Structural Constitutive Models
,” Int. J. Mech. Sci.
, 85
, pp. 196
–204
.15.
Haque
, M. A.
, and Saif
, M. T.
, 2004
, “Deformation Mechanisms in Free-Standing Nanoscale Thin Films: A Quantitative In Situ Transmission Electron Microscope Study
,” PNAS
, 101
(17
), pp. 6335
–6340
.16.
Ma
, X.
, and Shi
, H.
, 2014
, “In Situ SEM Studies of the Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of DZ4 Superalloy at Elevated Temperature: Effect of Partial Recrystallization
,” Int. J. Fatigue
, 61
, pp. 255
–263
.17.
Guo
, E. Y.
, Wang
, M. Y.
, Jing
, T.
, and Chawla
, N.
, 2013
, “Temperature-Dependent Mechanical Properties of an Austenitic–Ferritic Stainless Steel Studied by In Situ Tensile Loading in a Scanning Electron Microscope
,” Mater. Sci. Eng. A
, 580
, pp. 159
–168
.18.
Petrenec
, M.
, Polák
, J.
, Šamořil
, M.
, Dluhoš
, J.
, and Obrtlík
, K.
, 2014
, “In-Situ Study of the Mechanisms of High Temperature Damage in Elastic-Plastic Cyclic Loading of Nickel Superalloy
,” Adv. Mater. Res.
, 891–892
, pp. 530
–535
.19.
Petrenec
, M.
, Polák
, J.
, Šamořil
, M.
, Dluhoš
, J.
, and Obrtlík
, K.
, 2014
, “In-Situ High Temperature Low Cycle Fatigue Study of Surface Topography Evolution in Nickel Superalloy
,” 23rd International Conference on Metallurgy and Materials (METAL), Brno, Czech Republic, May 21–23.20.
Callaghan
, M. D.
, Humphries
, S. R.
, Law
, M.
, Li
, H.
, and Yeung
, W. Y.
, 2010
, “Evaluation of High Temperature Fatigue Behavior of P22 by Miniature Specimen Testing
,” Mater. Sci. Forum
, 638–642
, pp. 3937
–3942
.21.
Kohyama
, A.
, Sato
, S.
, and Hamada
, K.
, 1993
, “An Automated Tensile Machine for Small Specimens Heavily Neutron Irradiated in FFTF/MOTA
,” Small Specimen Test Techniques Applied to Nuclear Reactor Vessels Thermal Annealing and Plant Life Extension
, W. R.
Corwin
, F. M.
Haggag
, and W. L.
Server
, eds., American Society for Testing and Materials
, Philadelphia, PA
, pp. 356
–367
.22.
Hannula
, S. P.
, Wanagel
, J.
, and Li
, C. Y.
, 1986
, “A Miniaturized Mechanical Testing System for Small-Scale Specimen Testing
,” The Use of Small-Scale Specimens for Testing Irradiated Material
, W. R.
Corwin
and G. E.
Lucas
, eds., American Society for Testing and Materials
, Philadelphia, PA
, pp. 233
–251
.23.
Quested
, T. E.
, 2000
, “Finite Element Analysis of Miniaturised Electro Thermo Mechanical Testing System
,” NPL Report CMMT (A) No. 291.24.
Ho
, C. Y.
, and Chu
, T. K.
, 1977
, “Electric Resistivity and Thermal Conductivity of Nine Selected AISI Stainless Steels
,” U.S. Defense Technical Information Center, Defense Logistics Agency, Alexandria, VA, CINDAS Report No. 45, pp. 5–30.Copyright © 2017 by ASME
You do not currently have access to this content.
