Cardiac monophasic action potentials (MAPs) are electrical signals that represent the focal depolarizations and repolarizations of the underlying cardiac myocytes [1]. These signals are typically synchronized with cardiac function and thus can record localized waveforms that can be used to determine activation timings and patterns, conduction velocities, and/or origins of arrhythmic behaviors [2–4]. The analysis of MAPs has also been used as means of identifying catheter contact forces and lesion borders postablation [5].
When designing and developing medical devices, the ability to study device functionality in an ex vivo setting can be crucial. Nevertheless, it is important that the studied anatomies and functionality be as close to that of a human in vivo as possible. For over a decade, our laboratory has utilized an isolated four-chamber working large mammalian heart model (the Visible Heart® methodology) to study the device–tissue interface [...
