The chemical composition of 21 alloy was modified by doubling the molybdenum (Mo) content for enhanced corrosion and wear resistance. The specimens were fabricated using a casting technique. Half of the specimens experienced a heat treatment at for an hour. The microstructure and phase analyses of the specimens were conducted using electron scanning microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The mechanical properties of the specimens were determined in terms of the ASTM Standard Test Method for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials (E8-96). The mechanical behaviors of individual phases in the specimen materials were investigated using a nano-indentation technique. The wear resistance of the specimens was evaluated on a ball-on-disk tribometer. The experimental results revealed that the increased Mo content had significant effects on the mechanical and tribological properties of the low-carbon alloy and the heat treatment also influenced these properties.
Issue Section:
Technical Papers
Keywords:
Stellite alloy,
heat treatment,
molybdenum,
carbides,
Co solid solution,
mechanical properties,
hardness,
wear,
molybdenum alloys,
cobalt alloys,
corrosion resistance,
wear resistance,
chemical analysis,
heat treatment,
crystal microstructure,
scanning electron microscopy,
X-ray diffraction,
indentation
1.
Frenk
, A.
, and Kurz
, W.
, 1994, “Microstructural Effects on the Sliding Wear Resistance of a Cobalt-Based Alloy
,” Wear
0043-1648, 174
, pp. 81
–91
.2.
Riddihough
, M.
, 1970, “Stellite as a Wear-Resistant Material
,” Tribology
0301-679X, 3
(4
), pp. 211
–215
.3.
Ashworth
, M. A.
, Bryar
, J. C.
, Jacobs
, M. H.
, and Davies
, S.
, 1999, “Microstructure and Property Relationships in Hipped Stellite Powders
,” Powder Metall.
0032-5899, 42
(3
), pp. 243
–249
.4.
McGinn
, P. J.
, Kumar
, P.
, Miller
, A. E.
, and Hickl
, A. J.
, 1984, “Carbide Composition Change During Liquid Phase Sintering of a Wear Resistant Alloy
,” Metall. Trans. A
0360-2133, 15
, pp. 1099
–1102
.5.
Heathcock
, C. J.
, Ball
, A.
, Yamey
, D.
, and Protheroe
, B. E.
, 1981, “Cavitation Erosion of Cobalt Based Stellite Alloys, Cemented Carbides and Surface Treated Low Alloy Steel
,” in: Proc. 3rd International Conference on Wear of Materials
, pp. 597
–606
.6.
Kumar
, P.
, 1986, “Properties of P/M Stellite Alloy No. 6
,” Prog. Powd. Metall.
, 41
, pp. 415
–437
.7.
Wild
, E.
, and Mack
, K. J.
, 1979, “Experimental Parameter Investigation on the Tribological Behavior of Stellite 6 in Liquid Sodium
,” Nucl. Technol.
0029-5450, 42
, pp. 216
–223
.8.
Blombery
, R. I.
, and Perrott
, C. M.
, 1974, “Adhesive Wear Processes Occurring During Abrasion of Stellite Type Alloys
,” J. Aust. Inst. Met.
0004-9352, 19
(4
), pp. 254
–258
.9.
Raghu
, D.
, and Wu
, J. B.
, 1997, “Recent Developments in Wear- and Corrosion-Resistant Alloys for the Oil Industry
,” Mater. Perform.
, 36
(11
), pp. 27
–36
.10.
Davis
, J. R.
, 2000, Nickel, Cobalt, and Their Alloys
, Materials Park
.11.
Betteridge
, W.
, 1982, Cobalt and Its Alloys
, Halsted Press
, UK.12.
Aizaz
, A.
, and Kumar
, P.
, 1985, “Properties of Stellite Alloy No. 21 Made via Pliable Powder Technology
,” Met. Powd. Report.
, 40
(9
), pp. 507
–510
.13.
Karlsen
, W. L.
, 1999, “Effect of Nitrogen Alloying on Stellite 21 Cobalt Chromium Molybdenum Biomedical Implant Alloy: Processing and Microstructure
,” Mater. Sci. Forum
0255-5476, 318-320
, pp. 303
–308
.14.
Radu
, I.
, Li
, D. Y.
, and Llewellyn
, R.
, 2004, “Tribological Behavior of Stellite 21 Modified With Yttrium
,” Wear
0043-1648, 257
(11
), pp. 1154
–1166
.15.
Persson
, D. H. E.
, Jacobson
, S.
, and Hogmark
, S.
, 2003, “The Influence of Phase Transformations and Oxidation on the Galling Resistance and Low Friction Behavior of a Laser Processed Co-Based Alloy
,” Wear
0043-1648, 254
(11
), pp. 1134
–1140
.16.
ASTM Standard Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials. Designation: E8-96. American Association State, Highway and Transportation Officials Standard. AASHTO No: T 68.
17.
Oliver
, W. C.
, and Pharr
, G. M.
, 1992, “An Improved Technique for Determining Hardness and Elastic Modulus Using Load and Displacement Sensing Indentation Experiments
,” J. Mater. Res.
0884-2914, 7
, pp. 1564
–1583
.18.
Musil
, J.
, Kunc
, F.
, Zeman
, H.
, and Polakova
, H.
, 2002, “Relationships Between Hardness, Young’s Modulus and Elastic Recovery in Hard Nanocomposite Coatings
,” Surf. Coat. Technol.
0257-8972, 154
, pp. 304
–313
.19.
ASTM Standard Test Methods for Notched Bar Impact Testing of Metallic Materials. Designation: E23-06. American Association State, Highway and Transportation Officials Standard. AASHTO No: T 267.
20.
Kuzucu
, V.
, Ceylan
, M.
, Celik
, H.
, and Aksoy
, I.
, 1997, “Microstructure and Phase Analyses of Stellite 6 Plus 6wt.% Mo Alloy
,” J. Mater. Process. Technol.
0924-0136, 69
, pp. 257
–263
.21.
Rajan
, K.
, 1983, “Thermodynamics Assessment of Heat Treatments for a Co‐Cr‐Mo Alloy
,” J. Mater. Sci.
0022-2461, 18
, pp. 257
–264
.Copyright © 2007
by American Society of Mechanical Engineers
You do not currently have access to this content.
