Numerical Investigation of a Confined Laminar Jet Impingement Cooling of Heat Sources Using Nanofluids

The thermal and fluid dynamic behavior of a confined two-dimensional steady laminar nanofluid jet impinging on a horizontal plate embedded with five discrete heating elements subjected to a constant surface heat flux has been studied for a range of Reynolds number (Re) from 100 to 400 with Prandtl number, Pr = 6.96, of the base fluid. Variation of inlet Reynolds number produces a significant change of the flow and heat transfer characteristics in the domain. Increasing the nanoparticle concentration (⁠$ϕ$⁠) from 0% to 4% exhibits discernible change in equivalent Re and Pr caused by the modification of dynamic viscosity, effective density, thermal conductivity, and specific heat of the base fluid. Considerable improvement in heat transfer from the heaters is observed as the maximum temperature of the impingement wall is diminished from 0.95 to 0.55 by increasing Re from 100 to 400; however, the result of increasing $ϕ$ on cooling of the heaters is less appreciable. Self-similar behavior has been depicted by cross-stream variation of temperature and streamwise heat flux in the developed region along the impingement wall up to Re = 300 for $ϕ=0% to 4%$⁠. But the spread of the respective quantities shows strong dependence on $ϕ$ at Re = 300 with sudden attenuation in magnitude in the developed region of flow. Substantial influence of Re is evident on Eckert number and pumping power. Eckert number decreases, whereas pumping power increases with an increase in Re, and the respective variations exhibit correspondence with power fit correlations.