... areas. Papanastasiou’s modification when applied to the Bingham model becomes: 5 τ = τ y [ 1 − exp ( − m γ ̇ ) ] + μ γ ̇ where m is the stress growth exponent. As shown in Fig. 1 , this equation mimics the ideal Bingham fluid for large enough m...

... as it sags under its own weight, neglecting inertia and capillarity. The biviscosity model has been used to characterize viscoplastic fluids; the Newtonian and Bingham models can be recovered as limiting cases. The Bingham limit is of special interest. non-Newtonian fluids non-Newtonian flow yield...