There is an enormous potential for energy generation from the mixing of sea and river water at global estuaries. Here, we model a novel approach to convert this source of energy directly into hydrogen and electricity using reverse electrodialysis (RED). RED relies on converting ionic current to electric current using multiple membranes and redox-based electrodes. A thermodynamic model for RED is created to evaluate the electricity and hydrogen which can be extracted from natural mixing processes. With equal volume of high and low concentration solutions (1 L), the maximum energy extracted per volume of solution mixed occurred when the number of membranes is reduced, with the lowest number tested here being five membrane pairs. At this operating point, 0.32 kWh/m3 is extracted as electrical energy and 0.95 kWh/m3 as hydrogen energy. This corresponded to an electrical energy conversion efficiency of 15%, a hydrogen energy efficiency of 35%, and therefore, a total mixing energy efficiency of nearly 50%. As the number of membrane pairs increases from 5 to 20, the hydrogen power density decreases from 13.6 W/m2 to 2.4 W/m2 at optimum external load. In contrast, the electrical power density increases from 0.84 W/m2 to 2.2 W/m2. Optimum operation of RED depends significantly on the external load (external device). A small load will increase hydrogen energy while decreasing electrical energy. This trade-off is critical in order to optimally operate an RED cell for both hydrogen and electricity generation.
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Research-Article
Harvesting Natural Salinity Gradient Energy for Hydrogen Production Through Reverse Electrodialysis Power Generation
Mohammadreza Nazemi,
Mohammadreza Nazemi
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Georgia Institute of Technology,
Atlanta, GA 30332-0405
e-mail: mrnazemi@gatech.edu
Georgia Institute of Technology,
Atlanta, GA 30332-0405
e-mail: mrnazemi@gatech.edu
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Jiankai Zhang,
Jiankai Zhang
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Georgia Institute of Technology,
Atlanta, GA 30332-0405
e-mail: jzhang794@gatech.edu
Georgia Institute of Technology,
Atlanta, GA 30332-0405
e-mail: jzhang794@gatech.edu
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Marta C. Hatzell
Marta C. Hatzell
Mem. ASME
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Georgia Institute of Technology,
Atlanta, GA 30332-0405
e-mail: marta.hatzell@me.gatech.edu
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Georgia Institute of Technology,
Atlanta, GA 30332-0405
e-mail: marta.hatzell@me.gatech.edu
Search for other works by this author on:
Mohammadreza Nazemi
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Georgia Institute of Technology,
Atlanta, GA 30332-0405
e-mail: mrnazemi@gatech.edu
Georgia Institute of Technology,
Atlanta, GA 30332-0405
e-mail: mrnazemi@gatech.edu
Jiankai Zhang
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Georgia Institute of Technology,
Atlanta, GA 30332-0405
e-mail: jzhang794@gatech.edu
Georgia Institute of Technology,
Atlanta, GA 30332-0405
e-mail: jzhang794@gatech.edu
Marta C. Hatzell
Mem. ASME
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Georgia Institute of Technology,
Atlanta, GA 30332-0405
e-mail: marta.hatzell@me.gatech.edu
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Georgia Institute of Technology,
Atlanta, GA 30332-0405
e-mail: marta.hatzell@me.gatech.edu
1Corresponding author.
Manuscript received November 17, 2016; final manuscript received January 15, 2017; published online May 2, 2017. Assoc. Editor: Dirk Henkensmeier.
J. Electrochem. En. Conv. Stor. May 2017, 14(2): 020702 (6 pages)
Published Online: May 2, 2017
Article history
Received:
November 17, 2016
Revised:
January 15, 2017
Citation
Nazemi, M., Zhang, J., and Hatzell, M. C. (May 2, 2017). "Harvesting Natural Salinity Gradient Energy for Hydrogen Production Through Reverse Electrodialysis Power Generation." ASME. J. Electrochem. En. Conv. Stor. May 2017; 14(2): 020702. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4035835
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