The filter membrane made up of carbon nanostructure is one of the important components in proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). The membrane while under operating conditions of a PEMFC is subjected to various dynamical loads due to the imposition of several input operating factors of the PEMFC. Hence, it is important to estimate optimal process parameters, which can maximize the strength of the membrane. Current studies in PEMFC focus on adsorption and transport-related properties of PEMFC membrane, without adequately investigating the mechanical strength of the membrane. This study proposes a multiphysics model of the membrane, which is used to extract the mechanical properties of the membrane by systematically varying various input factors of PEMFC. The extracted data are then fed into a neural search machine learning cluster to obtain optimal design parameters for maximizing the strength of the membrane. It is expected that the findings from this study will provide critical design data for manufacturing PEMFC membranes with high strength and durability.
References
1.
Corbo
, P.
, Migliardini
, F.
, and Veneri
, O.
, 2007
, “Performance Investigation of 2.4 kW PEM Fuel Cell Stack in Vehicles
,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy
, 32
(17
), pp. 4340
–4349
.2.
Hsu
, F.-K.
, Lee
, M.-S.
, Lin
, C.-C.
, Lin
, Y.-K.
, and Hsu
, W.-T.
, 2012
, “A Flexible Portable Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell
,” J. Power Sources
, 219
, pp. 180
–187
.3.
Wang
, C.
, Waje
, M.
, Wang
, X.
, Tang
, J. M.
, Haddon
, R. C.
, and Yan
, Y.
, 2004
, “Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells With Carbon Nanotube Based Electrodes
,” Nano Lett.
, 4
(2
), pp. 345
–348
.4.
Schäfer
, A.
, Heywood
, J. B.
, and Weiss
, M. A.
, 2006
, “Future Fuel Cell and Internal Combustion Engine Automobile Technologies: A 25-Year Life Cycle and Fleet Impact Assessment
,” Energy
, 31
(12
), pp. 1728
–1751
.5.
Ahmadi
, S.
, and Akbari
, A.
, 2018
, “Prediction of the Adsorption Coefficients of Some Aromatic Compounds on Multi-Wall Carbon Nanotubes by the Monte Carlo Method
,” SAR QSAR Environ. Res.
, 29
(11
), pp. 895
–909
.6.
Cui
, T.
, Dong
, J.
, Pan
, X.
, Yu
, T.
, Fu
, Q.
, and Bao
, X.
, 2019
, “Enhanced Hydrogen Evolution Reaction Over Molybdenum Carbide Nanoparticles Confined Inside Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes
,” J. Energy Chem.
, 28
, pp. 123
–127
.7.
Xiong
, W.
, et al., 2018
, “Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube/Amino-Functionalized MIL-53(Fe) Composites: Remarkable Adsorptive Removal of Antibiotics From Aqueous Solutions
,” Chemosphere
, 210
, pp. 1061
–1069
.8.
Vijayaraghavan
, V.
, Dethan
, J. F. N.
, and Garg
, A.
, 2018
, “Tensile Loading Characteristics of Hydrogen Stored Carbon Nanotubes in PEM Fuel Cell Operating Conditions Using Molecular Dynamics Simulation
,” Mol. Simul.
, 44
(9
), pp. 736
–742
.9.
Vijayaraghavan
, V.
, Dethan
, J. F. N.
, and Garg
, A.
, 2018
, “Nanomechanics and Modelling of Hydrogen Stored Carbon Nanotubes Under Compression for PEM Fuel Cell Applications
,” Comput. Mater. Sci.
, 146
, pp. 176
–183
.10.
Zhou
, L.
, and Shi
, S.
, 2002
, “Molecular Dynamic Simulations on Tensile Mechanical Properties of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes With and Without Hydrogen Storage
,” Comput. Mater. Sci.
, 23
(1–4
), pp. 166
–174
.11.
Vijayaraghavan
, V.
, Dethan
, J. F. N.
, and Gao
, L.
, 2019
, “Torsional Mechanics of Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes With Hydrogen for Energy Storage and Fuel Cell Applications
,” Sci. China Phys., Mech. Astron.
, 62
(3
), p. 034611
.12.
Hassanzadeh-Aghdam
, M.
, and Mahmoodi
, M.
, 2017
, “A Comprehensive Analysis of Mechanical Characteristics of Carbon Nanotube-Metal Matrix Nanocomposites
,” Mater. Sci. Eng., A
, 701
, pp. 34
–44
.13.
Yeh
, Y.-K.
, and Hwu
, C.
, 2017
, “A Modified Molecular-Continuum Model for Estimating the Strength and Fracture Toughness of Graphene and Carbon Nanotube
,” Eng. Fract. Mech.
, 176
, pp. 326
–342
.14.
Li
, M.
, Kang
, Z.
, Li
, R.
, Meng
, X.
, and Lu
, Y.
, 2013
, “A Molecular Dynamics Study on Tensile Strength and Failure Modes of Carbon Nanotube Junctions
,” J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.
, 46
(49
), p. 495301
.15.
Shahini
, E.
, Taheri
, K. K.
, and Taheri
, A. K.
, 2017
, “An Investigation on Tensile Properties of Coiled Carbon Nanotubes Using Molecular Dynamics Simulation
,” Diamond Relat. Mater.
, 74
, pp. 154
–163
.16.
Haghbin
, A.
, and Khalili
, S.
, 2014
, “Effect of Chiral Angle on Tensile Behavior Modeling of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes
,” Mech. Adv. Mater. Struct.
, 21
(6
), pp. 505
–515
.17.
Badjian
, H.
, and Setoodeh
, A.
, 2017
, “Improved Tensile and Buckling Behavior of Defected Carbon Nanotubes Utilizing Boron Nitride Coating–A Molecular Dynamic Study
,” Phys. B
, 507
, pp. 156
–163
.18.
Javvaji
, B.
, Raha
, S.
, and Mahapatra
, D. R.
, 2017
, “Length-Scale and Strain Rate-Dependent Mechanism of Defect Formation and Fracture in Carbon Nanotubes Under Tensile Loading
,” J. Nanopart. Res.
, 19
(2
), p. 37
.19.
Ou
, X.
, Han
, Q.
, and Wang
, C.
, 2016
, “Molecular Dynamics Analysis on Tensile Properties of Carbon Nanotubes With Different Cracks
,” Mol. Simul.
, 42
(9
), pp. 764
–770
.20.
Kok
, Z.
, and Wong
, C.
, 2016
, “Molecular Dynamics Simulation Studies of Mechanical Properties of Different Carbon Nanotube Systems
,” Mol. Simul.
, 42
(15
), pp. 1274
–1280
.21.
Jeong
, B.-W.
, and Kim
, H.-Y.
, 2013
, “Molecular Dynamics Simulations of the Failure Behaviors of Closed Carbon Nanotubes Fully Filled With C60 Fullerenes
,” Comput. Mater. Sci.
, 77
, pp. 7
–12
.22.
Tserpes
, K.
, and Koumpias
, A.
, 2017
, “Molecular Mechanics-Based Finite Element Analysis of Graphene Sheet and Carbon Nanotubes Using the Rebo Potential
,” Int. J. Model., Simul., Sci. Comput.
, 8
(3
), p. 1750038
.23.
Zhu
, F.
, Liao
, H.
, Tang
, K.
, Chen
, Y.
, and Liu
, S.
, 2015
, “Molecular Dynamics Study on the Effect of Temperature on the Tensile Properties of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes With a Ni-Coating
,” J. Nanomater.
, 2015
, p. 3
.24.
Yengejeh
, S. I.
, Zadeh
, M. A.
, and Oechsner
, A.
, 2015
, “On the Tensile Behavior of Hetero-Junction Carbon Nanotubes
,” Composites, Part B
, 75
, pp. 274
–280
.25.
Jhon
, Y. I.
, Kim
, C.
, Seo
, M.
, Cho
, W. J.
, Lee
, S.
, and Jhon
, Y. M.
, 2016
, “Tensile Characterization of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes With Helical Structural Defects
,” Sci. Rep.
, 6
, p. 20324.26.
Jeong
, B.-W.
, Lim
, J.-K.
, and Sinnott
, S. B.
, 2007
, “Tensile Mechanical Behavior of Hollow and Filled Carbon Nanotubes Under Tension or Combined Tension-Torsion
,” Appl. Phys. Lett.
, 90
(2
), p. 023102
.27.
Vijayaraghavan
, V.
, and Wong
, C.
, 2013
, “Nanomechanics of Single Walled Carbon Nanotube With Water Interactions Under Axial Tension by Using Molecular Dynamics Simulation
,” Comput. Mater. Sci.
, 79
, pp. 519
–526
.28.
Abu-Abdeen
, M.
, 2012
, “Investigation of the Rheological, Dynamic Mechanical, and Tensile Properties of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Reinforced Poly(Vinyl Chloride)
,” J. Appl. Polym. Sci.
, 124
(4
), pp. 3192
–3199
.29.
Vijayaraghavan
, V.
, Garg
, A.
, Lam
, J. S. L.
, Panda
, B.
, and Mahapatra
, S. S.
, 2015
, “Process Characterisation of 3D-Printed FDM Components Using Improved Evolutionary Computational Approach
,” Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol.
, 78
(5–8
), pp. 781
–793
.30.
Vijayaraghavan
, V.
, Garg
, A.
, Wong
, C. H.
, Tai
, K.
, and Mahapatra
, S. S.
, 2014
, “Measurement of Properties of Graphene Sheets Subjected to Drilling Operation Using Computer Simulation
,” Measurement
, 50
(1
), pp. 50
–62
.31.
Garg
, A.
, Vijayaraghavan
, V.
, Zhang
, J.
, and Lam
, J. S. L.
, 2017
, “Robust Model Design for Evaluation of Power Characteristics of the Cleaner Energy System
,” Renewable Energy
, 112
, pp. 302
–313
.32.
Garg
, A.
, Shankhwar
, K.
, Jiang
, D.
, Vijayaraghavan
, V.
, Panda
, B. N.
, and Panda
, S. S.
, 2018
, “An Evolutionary Framework in Modelling of Multi-Output Characteristics of the Bone Drilling Process
,” Neural Comput. Appl.
, 29
(11
), pp. 1233
–1241
.33.
Choudhury
, A.
, and Gupta
, D.
, 2019
, “A Survey on Medical Diagnosis of Diabetes Using Machine Learning Techniques
,” Adv. Intell. Syst. Comput.
, 740
, pp. 67
–78
.34.
Isaev
, I.
, Obornev
, E.
, Obornev
, I.
, Shimelevich
, M.
, and Dolenko
, S.
, 2019
, “Neural Network Recognition of the Type of Parameterization Scheme for Magnetotelluric Data
,” Stud. Comput. Intell.
, 799
, pp. 176
–183
.35.
Mahendra
, M.
, Kishore
, C.
, and Prathima
, C.
, 2019, “Data Mining Efficiency and Scalability for Smarter Internet of Things
,” Computational Intelligence and Big Data Analytics
, Springer Briefs in Applied Sciences, Springer, Singapore.36.
Chen
, D.
, 2017
, “Research on Traffic Flow Prediction in the Big Data Environment Based on the Improved RBF Neural Network
,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Inf.
, 13
(4
), pp. 2000
–2008
.37.
Tchapet Njafa
, J. P.
, and Nana Engo
, S. G.
, 2018
, “Quantum Associative Memory With Linear and Non-Linear Algorithms for the Diagnosis of Some Tropical Diseases
,” Neural Networks
, 97
, pp. 1
–10
.38.
Vijayaraghavan
, V.
, Garg
, A.
, Wong
, C. H.
, and Tai
, K.
, 2014
, “Estimation of Mechanical Properties of Nanomaterials Using Artificial Intelligence Methods
,” Appl. Phys. A: Mater. Sci. Process.
, 116
(3
), pp. 1099
–1107
.39.
Brenner
, D. W.
, Shenderova
, O. A.
, Harrison
, J. A.
, Stuart
, S. J.
, Ni
, B.
, and Sinnott
, S. B.
, 2002
, “A Second-Generation Reactive Empirical Bond Order (REBO) Potential Energy Expression for Hydrocarbons
,” J. Phys.: Condens. Matter.
, 14
(4
), p. 783
.40.
Liew
, K.
, Wong
, C.
, He
, X.
, Tan
, M.
, and Meguid
, S.
, 2004
, “Nanomechanics of Single and Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes
,” Phys. Rev. B
, 69
(11
), p. 115429
.41.
Nakamura
, Y.
, and Ohno
, T.
, 2012
, “Structure of Water Confined Inside Carbon Nanotubes and Water Models
,” Mater. Chem. Phys.
, 132
(2–3
), pp. 682
–687
.42.
Ni
, B.
, Sinnott
, S. B.
, Mikulski
, P. T.
, and Harrison
, J. A.
, 2002
, “Compression of Carbon Nanotubes Filled With C60, CH4, or Ne: Predictions From Molecular Dynamics Simulations
,” Phys. Rev. Lett.
, 88
(20
), p. 205505
.43.
Wong
, C. H.
, and Vijayaraghavan
, V.
, 2012
, “Nanomechanics of Nonideal Single- and Double-Walled Carbon Nanotubes
,” J. Nanomater.
, 2012
, p. 490872
.44.
Vijayaraghavan
, V.
, and Wong
, C.
, 2014
, “Torsional Characteristics of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube With Water Interactions by Using Molecular Dynamics Simulation
,” Nano-Micro Lett.
, 6
(3
), pp. 268
–279
.45.
Vijayaraghavan
, V.
, and Wong
, C. H.
, 2013
, “Temperature, Defect and Size Effect on the Elastic Properties of Imperfectly Straight Carbon Nanotubes by Using Molecular Dynamics Simulation
,” Comput. Mater. Sci.
, 71
, pp. 184
–191
.46.
Plimpton
, S.
, 1995
, “Fast Parallel Algorithms for Short-Range Molecular Dynamics
,” J. Comput. Phys.
, 117
(1
), pp. 1
–19
.47.
DOE,
2017
, “Target Explanation Document: Onboard Hydrogen Storage for Light-Duty Fuel Cell Vehicles
,” Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Washington, DC.48.
Hoover
, W. G.
, 1985
, “Canonical Dynamics: Equilibrium Phase-Space Distributions
,” Phys. Rev. A
, 31
(3
), p. 1695
.49.
Nosé
, S.
, 1984
, “A Unified Formulation of the Constant Temperature Molecular Dynamics Methods
,” J. Chem. Phys.
, 81
(1
), pp. 511
–519
.50.
Ohnishi
, M.
, Shiga
, T.
, and Shiomi
, J.
, 2017
, “Effects of Defects on Thermoelectric Properties of Carbon Nanotubes
,” Phys. Rev. B
, 95
(15
), p. 155405
.51.
Zhang
, Y. Y.
, Xiang
, Y.
, and Wang
, C. M.
, 2009
, “Buckling of Defective Carbon Nanotubes
,” J. Appl. Phys.
, 106
(11
), p. 113503
.52.
Garg
, A.
, Hazra
, B.
, Zhu
, H.
, and Wen
, Y.
, 2019
, “A Simplified Probabilistic Analysis of Water Content and Wilting in Soil Vegetated With Non-Crop Species
,” CATENA
, 175
, pp. 123
–131
.53.
Gopal
, P.
, Bordoloi
, S.
, Ratnam
, R.
, Lin
, P.
, Cai
, W.
, Buragohain
, P.
, Garg
, A.
, and Sreedeep
, S.
, 2019
, “Investigation of Infiltration Rate for Soil-Biochar Composites of Water Hyacinth
,” Acta Geophys.
(epub).54.
Garg
, A.
, Peng
, X.
, Le
, M.
, Pareek
, K.
, and Chin
, C.
, 2018
, “Design and Analysis of Capacity Models for Lithium-Ion Battery
,” Measurement
, 120
, pp. 114
–120
.55.
Shui
, L.
, Chen
, F.
, Garg
, A.
, Peng
, X.
, Bao
, N.
, and Zhang
, J.
, 2018
, “Design Optimization of Battery Pack Enclosure for Electric Vehicle
,” Struct. Multidiscip. Optim.
, 58
(1), pp. 331–347.Copyright © 2019 by ASME
You do not currently have access to this content.
