A nonlinear state-space dynamic model of a resonating single fiber scanner is developed to understand scan distortion—jump, whirl, amplitude dependent amplitude and phase shifts—and as the basis for controllers to remove those distortions. The non-planar nonlinear continuum dynamics of a resonating base excited cantilever are reduced to a set of state-space coupled Duffing equations with centripetal acceleration. Methods for experimentally determining the model parameters are developed. The analytic frequency responses for raster, spiral and propeller scans are derived, and match experimental frequency responses for all three scan patterns, for various amplitudes, and using the same model parameters.
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