This paper presents a method of reconstructing a triangular surface patch from dexel data generated by ray casting to represent solid models for applications, such as virtual sculpting and numerically controlled (NC) machining simulation. A novel contour generation algorithm is developed to convert dexel data into a series of planar contours on parallel slices. The algorithm categorizes the dexels on two adjacent rays into different groups by using a “grouping” criterion. The dexel points in the same group are connected using a set of rules to form subboundaries. After checking the connections among all the dexel points on one slice, a connection table is created and used to obtain the points of connection in a counterclockwise sequence for every contour. Finally, the contours on all the parallel slices are tiled to obtain triangular facets of the boundary surface of the 3D object. Computational costs and memory requirements are analyzed, and the computational complexity analysis is verified by numerical experiments. Example applications are given to demonstrate the described method.

1.
Ellis
,
J. L.
,
Kedem
,
G.
,
Lyerly
,
T. C.
,
Thielman
,
D. G.
,
Marisa
,
R. J.
,
Menon
,
J. P.
, and
Voelcker
,
H. B.
, 1991, “
The RayCasting Engine and Ray Representations: A Technical Summary
,”
IEEE Comput. Graphics Appl.
0272-1716,
1
(
4
), pp.
347
380
.
2.
Menon
,
J.
,
Marisa
,
R. J.
, and
Zagajac
,
J.
, 1994, “
More Powerful Solid Modeling Through Ray Representations
,”
IEEE Comput. Graphics Appl.
0272-1716,
14
(
3
), pp.
22
35
.
3.
Fleisig
,
R. V.
, and
Spence
,
A. D.
, 2005, “
B-Rep Based Parallel Machining Simulation
,”
Proc. of 19th International Symposium on High Performance Computing Systems and Applications
,
IEEE Computer Society
, Washington, DC, pp.
83
89
.
4.
Chappel
,
I. T.
, 1983, “
The Use of Vectors to Simulate Material Removed by Numerically Controlled Milling
,”
Comput.-Aided Des.
0010-4485,
15
(
3
), pp.
156
158
.
5.
Maeng
,
S. R.
,
Baek
,
N.
,
Shin
,
S. Y.
, and
Choi
,
K. Y.
, 2004, “
A Fast NC Simulation Method for Circularly Moving Tools in the Z-Map Environment
,”
Proc. of Geometric Modeling and Processing
,
IEEE Computer Society
, Washington, DC, pp.
319
330
.
6.
Takafumi
,
S.
, and
Tokiichiro
,
T.
, 1991, “
NC machining with G-buffer Method
,”
Proc. of 18th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques
,
ACM Press
, New York, pp.
207
216
.
7.
Puig
,
A.
,
Perez-Vidal
,
L.
, and
Tost
,
D.
, 2003, “
3D Simulation of Tool Machining
,”
Comput. Graph.
0097-8930,
27
(
1
), pp.
99
106
.
8.
Jang
,
D.
,
Kim
,
K.
, and
Jung
,
J.
, 2000, “
Voxel-Based Virtual Multi-Axis Machining
,”
Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol.
0268-3768,
16
(
10
), pp.
709
713
.
9.
Erik
,
L. J. B.
,
Nguyen
,
T. H. M.
,
Ben
,
K.
,
Peeraphan
,
N.
,
Huang
,
R. Y.
, and
Le
,
T. S.
, 2003, “
The Stencil Buffer Sweep Plane Algorithm From 5-Axis CNC Tool Path Verification
,”
Comput.-Aided Des.
0010-4485,
35
(
12
), pp.
1129
1142
.
10.
Van Hook
,
T.
, 1986, “
Real-Time Shaded NC Milling Display
,”
Proc. of ACM SIGGRAPH
,
ACM Press
, New York, pp.
15
20
.
11.
Konig
,
A. H.
, and
Groller
,
E.
, 1998, “
Real-Time Simulation and Visualization of NC Milling Processes for Inhomogeneous Materials on Low-End Graphics Hardware
,”
Proc. of Computer Graphics International
,
IEEE Computer Society
, Washington, DC, pp.
338
349
.
12.
Muller
,
H.
,
Surmann
,
T.
,
Stautner
,
M.
,
Albersmann
,
F.
, and
Weinert
,
K.
, 2003, “
Online Sculpting and Visualization of Multi-Dexel Volumes
,”
Proc. of 8th ACM Symposium on Solid Modeling and Applications
, Seattle,
ACM Press
, New York, pp.
258
261
.
13.
Ren
,
Y.
,
Lai-Yuen
,
S. K.
, and
Lee
,
Y-S.
, 2006, “
Virtual Prototyping and Manufacturing Planning by Using Tri-Dexel Models and Haptic Force Feedback
,”
Virtual Phys. Prototyping
,
1
(
1
), pp.
3
18
.
14.
Leu
,
M. C.
,
Maiteh
,
B. Y.
,
Blackmore
,
D.
, and
Fu
,
L.
, 2001, “
Creation of Freeform Solid Models in Virtual Reality
,”
CIRP Ann.
0007-8506,
50
(
1
), pp.
73
76
.
15.
Peng
,
X.
, and
Leu
,
M. C.
, 2004, “
Interactive Solid Modeling in a Virtual Environment With Haptic Interface
,”
Virtual and Augmented Reality Applications in Manufacturing
,
S. K.
Ong
, and
A. Y. C.
Nee
, eds.,
Springer-Verlag
, Berlin, pp.
41
60
.
16.
Leu
,
M. C.
,
Peng
,
X.
, and
Zhang
,
W.
, 2005, “
Surface Reconstruction for Interactive Modeling of Freeform Solids by Virtual Sculpting
,”
CIRP Ann.
0007-8506,
54
(
1
),
131
134
.
17.
Huang
,
Y.
, and
Oliver
,
J. H.
, 1995, “
Integrated Simulation, Error Assessment and Tool Path Correction for Five-Axis NC Milling
,”
J. Manuf. Syst.
0278-6125,
14
(
5
), pp.
331
344
.
18.
Zhu
,
W.
, and
Lee
,
Y-S.
, 2005, “
A Visibility Sphere Marching Algorithm of Constructing Polyhedral Models for Haptics Sculpting and Product Prototyping
,”
Rob. Comput.-Integr. Manufact.
0736-5845,
21
(
1
), pp.
19
36
.
19.
Zhu
,
W.
, 2003, “
Virtual Sculpting and Polyhedral Machining Planning System With Haptic Interface
,” Ph.D. thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-08172003-194602/http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-08172003-194602/
20.
Lorensen
,
W. E.
, and
Cline
,
H. E.
, 1987, “
Marching Cubes: A High Resolution 3D Surface Construction Algorithm
,”
Comput. Graph.
0097-8930,
21
(
4
), pp.
163
169
.
21.
Benouamer
,
M. O.
, and
Michelucci
,
D.
, 1997, “
Bridging the Gap between CSG and Brep via a Triple Ray Representation
,”
Proc. of 4th ACM Symposium on Solid Modeling and Applications
, Atlanta,
ACM Press
, New York, pp.
68
79
.
22.
Edelsbrunner
,
H.
,
Kirkpatrick
,
D. G.
, and
Seidel
,
R.
, 1983, “
On the Shape of a Set of Points in the Plane
,”
IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory
0018-9448,
29
(
4
), pp.
551
559
.
23.
Kirkpatrick
,
D. G.
, and
Radke
,
J. D.
, 1985, “
A Framework for Computational Morphology
,”
Computational Geometry
,
G. T.
Toussaint
, eds.,
North-Holland
, Amsterdam, pp.
217
248
.
24.
Veltkamp
,
R. C.
, 1992, “
The γ-Neighborhood Graph
,”
Comput. Geom.
0925-7721,
1
(
4
), pp.
227
246
.
25.
Christiansen
,
H. N.
, and
Sederberg
,
T. W.
, 1978, “
Conversion of Complex Contour Line Definitions Into Polygonal Element Mosaics
,”
Proc. of 5th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques
,
ACM Press
, New York, pp.
187
192
.
26.
Wang
,
Y. F.
, and
Aggarwal
,
J. K.
, 1986, “
Surface Reconstruction and Representation of 3D Scenes
,”
Pattern Recogn.
0031-3203,
19
(
3
), pp.
197
207
.
27.
Blackmore
,
D.
,
Leu
,
M. C.
, and
Wang
,
L.
, 1997, “
The Sweep-Envelope Differential Equation Algorithm and Its Application to NC Machining Verification
,”
Comput.-Aided Des.
0010-4485,
29
(
9
), pp.
629
637
.
28.
Maiteh
,
B. Y.
,
Blackmore
,
D.
,
Abdel-Malek
,
L.
, and
Leu
,
M. C.
, 2000, “
Swept-Volume Computation for Machining Simulation and Virtual Reality Application
,”
J. Mater. Process. Manuf. Sci.
1062-0656,
7
, pp.
380
390
.
29.
Blackmore
,
D.
, and
Leu
,
M. C.
, 1992, “
Analysis of Swept Volume via Lie Groups and Differential Equations
,”
Int. J. Robot. Res.
0278-3649,
11
(
6
), pp.
516
537
.
You do not currently have access to this content.