Fig. 1 Anterior and posterior views of the experimental setup. The white coordinate system is that of the force and torque sensor, while the black is the joint coordinate system ( X  = anteroposterior axis; Y  = longitudinal axis; Z  = mediolateral axis). The image on the left depicts the uncons... More

Fig. 2 The moment–angle relationship obtained from C3C4 and C5C6 specimens. The labeled lines indicate: (A) 300% extension; (B) 100% extension; (C) neutral; (D) 100% flexion; (E) 300% flexion. Recall that the angular deviation presented in this figure is with respect to the point of elastic equili... More

Fig. 3 The resultant anterior–posterior shear force measured in C3C4 ( a ) and C5C6 ( b ) spinal units. Shear forces are presented for each posture, load, and constraint conditions. Error bars represent one standard deviation. Interaction effects are described in text. The resultant anterior–pos... More

Fig. 4 The resultant moment about the mediolateral joint axis in C3C4 ( a ) and C5C6 ( b ) spinal units. The moments are presented for each posture and constraint condition. Error bars represent one standard deviation. Interaction effects are described in text. The resultant moment about the med... More

Fig. 5 The average anterior–posterior (A–P) CoP translation with respect to the neutral posture in C3C4 ( a ) and C5C6 ( b ) spinal units. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The asterisk indicates a significant difference from all other postures ( p  <   0.05). The average anterior–... More

Fig. 1 A previously validated, custom-built impact device was used to deliver a rear-end collision severity of approximately 24 km/h. Superior and inferior endplates of each FSU were secured and a constant compressive load of 300 N was applied throughout passive ROM testing. Movement of the FSU du... More

Fig. 2 Left—sample raw data from one cycle of the pre-impact and postimpact passive flexion–extension test. Right—sample raw data from one cycle of the anterior-posterior shear passive test pre-impact and postimpact. Left—sample raw data from one cycle of the pre-impact and postimpact passive fl... More

Fig. 3 ( a ) Two-point calibration of raw video data using a 23.83 mm calibration stick. ( b ) P ro A nalyst software was used to manually define markers on the FSU. ( c ) Defined markers at the end of the passive shear range of motion test. Markers were tracked throughout the test. (a) Two-poi... More

Fig. 4 Sample data from one FE range-of-motion test. E y y values within ±200% of the flexion–extension neutral zone plotted against angle are displayed for pre- and postimpact range-of-motion testing. The linear fit as well as the root mean squared error (RMSE) and explained varianc... More

Fig. 5 Average slopes computed for linear fits of E x x , E y y , and E x y versus angle, pre- and post- impact during FE range-of-motion testing. Error bars represent one standard deviation. No significant differences were observed. Average slopes compute... More

Fig. 6 Average slopes computed for linear fits of E x x , E y y , and E x y versus displacement, pre- and postimpact during AP range-of-motion testing. Error bars represent one standard deviation. No significant differences were observed ( p > 0.05 ). Av... More

Fig. 1 View of 12 stem designs, based on the drawings from Sabatini and Goswamy, 2008 View of 12 stem designs, based on the drawings from Sabatini and Goswamy, 2008 More

Fig. 2 Setup of hip profile 2 with trapezoidal cross section according to ISO 7206. LOP: Loading point, C: Femoral head center, LA: Load axis, NE: Neck area, PL: Potting level, SA: Stem axis, T: Most distal point of the stem, O: Intersection between the potting level and the shaft axis, α: Angle i... More

Fig. 3 Experimental setup of profile 2 circular cross-sectional area Experimental setup of profile 2 circular cross-sectional area More

Fig. 4 Computational and experimental location of the maximum principal stress in compression Computational and experimental location of the maximum principal stress in compression More

Fig. 5 Theoretical slopes versus computational slopes Theoretical slopes versus computational slopes More

Fig. 6 Cross-sectional area versus slope Cross-sectional area versus slope More

Fig. 7 Convergence analysis for the hip profile 2 trapezoidal cross section, maximum von Mises stress at the PL Convergence analysis for the hip profile 2 trapezoidal cross section, maximum von Mises stress at the PL More

Fig. 8 Computational solution for the femoral stem profile 2 cross-sectional circular. Von Mises stress (MPa), Displacement magnitude (mm). Computational solution for the femoral stem profile 2 cross-sectional circular. Von Mises stress (MPa), Displacement magnitude (mm). More

Fig. 1 Overview of the analysis process. Calibration of measurement data from sensors relative to the bony segments via the sensor-to-body segment calibration method to calculate the segment angular velocities, angular accelerations, and accelerations. The calibrated body segment data were input i... More