Relationship Between Three-Dimensional Geometry of the Trochlear Groove and In Vivo Patellar Tracking During Weight-Bearing Knee Flexion

It is widely recognized that the tracking of patella is strongly influenced by the geometry of the trochlear groove. Nonetheless, quantitative baseline data regarding correlation between the three-dimensional geometry of the trochlear groove and patellar tracking under in vivo weight-bearing conditions are not available. A combined magnetic resonance and dual fluoroscopic imaging technique, coupled with multivariate regression analysis, was used to quantify the relationship between trochlear groove geometry (sulcus location, bisector angle, and coronal plane angle) and in vivo patellar tracking (shift, tilt, and rotation) during weight-bearing knee flexion. The results showed that in the transverse plane, patellar shift was strongly correlated (correlation coefficient $R=0.86$⁠, $p<0.001$⁠) to mediolateral location of the trochlear sulcus (raw regression coefficient $βraw=0.62$⁠) and the trochlear bisector angle $(βraw=0.31)$⁠. Similarly, patellar tilt showed a significant association with the trochlear bisector angle (⁠$R=0.45$⁠, $p<0.001$⁠, and $βraw=0.60$⁠). However, in the coronal plane patellar rotation was poorly correlated with its matching geometric parameter, namely, the coronal plane angle of the trochlea (⁠$R=0.26$⁠, $p=0.01$⁠, $βraw=0.08$⁠). The geometry of the trochlear groove in the transverse plane of the femur had significant effect on the transverse plane motion of the patella (patellar shift and tilt) under in vivo weight-bearing conditions. However, patellar rotation in the coronal plane was weakly correlated with the trochlear geometry.