The opening angles of 30 canine autogenous vein grafts were measured to determine the postsurgical change of residual strain in the vein graft. Canine femoral veins were grafted to femoral arteries in the end-to-end anastomosis fashion. When harvested, the vein grafts were cut into short segments and the segments were cut open radially. The opened-up configurations were taken as the zero-stress states of the vessels. Opening angle, defined as the angle between the two lines from the middle point to the tips of the inner wall, was used to describe the zero-stress states. Results show that the opening angles (mean ± SD] are 63.0 ± 30.6 deg for normal femoral veins, and −0.4 ± 4.6, 6.1 ± 19.4, 25.4 ± 20.1, and 47.8 ± 11.4 deg for vein grafts at 1 day, 1 week, 4 and 12 weeks postsurgery, respectively. The postsurgical changes in opening angle reveal nonuniform transmural tissue remodeling in the vascular wall. The relations between the changes in opening angle and the changes in the morphology of the vein grafts are discussed. Intimal hyperplasia is correlated to the opening angle and is suggested to be the main factor for the postsurgical increase in opening angle. The longitudinal strain in the vein graft is found to decrease postsurgically.
Issue Section:
Technical Papers
1.
Bergel
D. H.
1961
, “The static elastic properties of the arterial wall
,” J. Physiol.
, Vol. 156
, pp. 445
–457
.2.
Brody
W. R.
Angell
W. W.
Kosek
J. C.
1972
, “Histologic fate of the venous coronary artery bypass in dogs
,” Am. J. Pathol.
, Vol. 66
, pp. 111
–130
.3.
Campbell
P. A.
McGeachie
J. K.
Prendergast
F. J.
1981
, “Vein grafts for arterial repair: their success and reason for failure
,” Ann. R. Coll. Surg. Eng.
, Vol. 63
, pp. 257
–260
.4.
Chuong
C. J.
Fung
Y. C.
1986
, “On residual stress in arteries
,” ASME JOURNAL OF BIOMECHANICAL ENGINEERING
, Vol. 108
, pp. 189
–192
.5.
Dilley
R. J.
McGeachie
J. K.
Prendergast
F. J.
1988
, “A review of the histologic changes in vein-to-artery grafts, with particular reference to intimal hyperplasia
,” Arch. Surg.
, Vol. 123
, pp. 691
–696
.6.
Dobrin
P. B.
Littooy
F. N.
Golan
J.
Blakeman
B.
Fareed
J.
1988
, “Mechanical and histologic changes in canine vein grafts
,” J. Surg. Res.
, Vol. 44
, pp. 259
–265
.7.
Dobrin
P. B.
Littooy
F. N.
Endean
E. D.
1989
, “Mechanical factors predisposing to intimal hyperplasia and medial thickening in autogenous vein grafts
,” Surgery
, Vol. 105
, pp. 393
–400
.8.
Fung, Y. C., 1984, Biodynamics: Circulation, Springer-Verlag, New York, Chap. 2.
9.
Fung, Y. C., 1985, “What principle governs the stress distribution in living organs?” in: Biomechanics in China, Japan, and USA, Y. C. Fung, E. Fukada, and J. J. Wang, eds., Science Press, Beijing, China, p. 1–13.
10.
Fung
Y. C.
Liu
S. Q.
1989
, “Change of residual strains due to hypertrophy caused by aortic constriction
,” Circ. Res.
, Vol. 65
, pp. 1340
–1349
.11.
Fung, Y. C., 1990, Biomechanics: Motion, Flow, Stress, and Growth, Springer-Verlag, New York, Chaps. 11 and 13.
12.
Fung
Y. C.
Liu
S. Q.
1991
, “Change of the zero-stress state of rat pulmonary arteries in hypoxic hypertension
,” J. Appl. Physiol.
, Vol. 70
, pp. 2455
–2470
.13.
Han, H. C., 1991, “Zero-Stress States and Residual Strain in Aortic and Pulmonary Arteries,” Ph.D. dissertation. Xi’an Jiaotong Univ., Xi’an, China.
14.
Han
H. C.
Fung
Y. C.
1991
, “Species dependence of the zero-stress state of aorta: pig versus rat
,” ASME JOURNAL OF BIOMECHANICAL ENGINEERING
, Vol. 113
, pp. 446
–451
.15.
Han
H. C.
Huang
M.
Yang
Z.
1994
, “The zero-stress state of major arteries and veins of human extremity
,” Chinese J. Biomed. Eng.
, Vol. 13
, pp. 244
–250
.16.
Han
H. C.
Fung
Y. C.
1995
, “Longitudinal strain in canine and porcine aortas
,” J. Biomech.
, Vol. 28
, pp. 637
–642
.17.
Han, H. C. Huang, M., Zhao, L., Huang, Y. T., and Kuang, Z. B., 1995, “Post-surgical change of the zero-stress state of autogenous vein grafts,” Proc. Fourth China-Japan-USA-Singapore Conference on Biomechanics, G. Yang, K. Hayashi, S. Woo, and J. Goh, eds., International Academy Publisher, Beijing, China, pp. 95–98.
18.
Han
H. C.
Fung
Y. C.
1996
, “Direct measurement of transverse residual strains in aorta
,” Am. J. Physiol
(Heart Circ. Physiol., Vol. 39), Vol. 270
, pp. H750–H759
H750–H759
.19.
Hayashi
K.
1993
, “Experimental approaches on measuring the mechanical properties and constitutive laws of arterial walls
,” ASME JOURNAL OF BIOMECHANICAL ENGINEERING
, Vol. 115
, pp. 481
–488
.20.
Liu, S. Q., 1990, “Zero-stress state and tissue remodeling of rat systemic and pulmonary arteries in hypertension and diabetes mellitus,” Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Calif., San Diego, La Jolla, CA.
21.
Liu
S. Q.
Fung
Y. C.
1989
, “Relation between residual strain, hypertension, and hypertrophy in arteries following aortic constriction
,” ASME Journal Of Biomechanical Engineering
, Vol. 111
, pp. 325
–335
.22.
Liu
S. Q.
Fung
Y. C.
1992
, “Influence of STZ-induced diabetes on zero-stress states of rat pulmonary and systemic arteries
,” Diabetes
, Vol. 41
, pp. 136
–146
.23.
Lu
Y. P.
Huang
Y. T.
Zhao
L.
Shi
K. J.
Li
R. S.
Ma
P.
Chu
X. C.
1993
, “Autogenous vein grafts in repairing of major arterial injuries of limbs
,” Chinese J. Traumatology
, Vol. 9
, pp. 14
–16
.24.
Matsumoto, T., and Hayashi, K., 1991, “Mechanical response of rat aorta to hypertension,” Advances in Bioengineering, R. Vanderby, Jr., ed., ASME, New York, pp. 631–634.
25.
Matsumoto
T.
Hayashi
K.
1994
, “Mechanical and dimensional adaptation of rat aorta to hypertension
,” ASME JOURNAL OF BIOMECHANICAL ENGINEERING
, Vol. 116
, pp. 278
–283
.26.
Matsumoto
T.
Hayashi
K.
1996
, “Stress and strain distribution in hypertensive and normotensive rat aorta considering residual strain
,” ASME JOURNAL OF BIOMECHANICAL ENGINEERING
, Vol. 118
, pp. 62
–73
.27.
Matsumoto
T.
Hayashi
K.
Ide
K.
1995
, “Residual strain and local strain distributions in rabbit atherosclerotic aorta
,” J. Biomech.
, Vol. 28
, pp. 1207
–1217
.28.
McDonald, D. A., 1974, Blood Flow in Arteries, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, MD, Chap. 10.
29.
Patel, D. J., and Vaishnav, R. N., 1972, “The rheology of large blood vessels,” in: Cardiovascular Fluid Dynamics, Bergel, D. H., ed., Academy Press, New York, Vol. 2, pp. 1–64.
30.
Sachs, L., 1984, Applied Statistics, A Handbook of Techniques, translated by Reynarowych, Z., 2nd ed., Springer-Verlag, New York, Chap. 3.
31.
Saini
A.
Berry
C.
Greenwald
S.
1995
, “Effect of age and sex on residual stress in the aorta
,” J. Vasc. Res.
, Vol. 32
, pp. 398
–405
.32.
Takamizawa
K.
Hayashi
K.
1987
, “Strain energy density function and uniform strain hypothesis for arterial mechanics
,” J. Biomech.
, Vol. 20
, pp. 7
–17
.33.
Vaishnav, R. N., and Vossoughi J., 1983, “Estimation of residual strain in aortic segments,” in: Biomedical Engineering II: Recent Developments, C. W. Hall, ed., Pergamon, New York, pp. 330–333.
34.
Vaishnav
R. N.
Vossoughi
J.
1987
, “Residual stress and strain in aortic segments
,” J. Biomech.
, Vol. 108
, pp. 189
–192
.35.
Vossoughi, J. 1992, “Longitudinal residual strain in arteries,” Proc. 11th Southern Biomedical Engineering Conference, Memphis, TN, pp. 17–19.
36.
Vossoughi, J., Hedjazi, Z., and Borris, F. S., 1993, “Intimal residual stress and strain in large arteries,” Proc. ASME Bioengineering Conference, pp. 434–437.
37.
Xie
J. P.
Liu
S. Q.
Yang
R. F.
Fung
Y. C.
1991
, “The zero-stress state of rat vena cava and veins
,” ASME JOURNAL OF BIOMECHANICAL ENGINEERING.
, Vol. 113
, pp. 36
–41
.38.
Zhao
L.
Huang
Y. T.
Han
H. C.
Huang
M.
Han
L. P.
Li
J.
1993
, “Mechanical and hemodynamical changes of autogenous vein grafts
,” Chinese J. Repair. Reconst. Surg.
, Vol. 7
, pp. 91
–94
.39.
Zhao L. 1991, “Chnical and Experimental Studies of Autogenous Vein Graft,” MS Thesis, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China.
This content is only available via PDF.
Copyright © 1998
by The American Society of Mechanical Engineers
You do not currently have access to this content.
