Fig. 1 An exemplary composite laminate, consisting of a number of fiber-reinforced layers An exemplary composite laminate, consisting of a number of fiber-reinforced layers More

Fig. 2 The free-edge effect in a symmetric cross-ply laminate under uniaxial tension in the x-direction: If the individual layers are considered without a fixed bond between them (top left), strongly heterogenic transverse strains due to the different fiber orientations occur. In a laminate with f... More

Fig. 3 Free-edge stress fields in a symmetric cross-ply laminate under uniaxial extension [ 8 ]: Besides the intralaminar stresses σ xx and σ yy , the interlaminar stresses τ yz and σ zz also occur, wherein especially the latter stress component shows a highly localized edge concentrati... More

Fig. 4 On the occurrence of the free-edge effect in an angle-ply layup under uniaxial extension: due to the mismatch in the inplane shear behavior of the individual laminate layers (top left and bottom left), the intralaminar shear stress τ xy is called forth (center left). Equilibrium of force... More

Fig. 5 Free-edge stress fields in a symmetric angle-ply laminate under uniaxial extension [ 8 ]: this example of a free-edge effect is characterized by the two interlaminar stress components τ xz and σ zz which are confined to a small edge region and which are governed by a stress singularit... More

Fig. 6 Analysis model for the free-edge effect in a laminate under thermomechanical load, Mittelstedt and Becker [ 8 , 17 ]: the individual physical layers of the laminate are subdivided into an arbitrary number of mathematical layers Analysis model for the free-edge effect in a laminate under t... More

Fig. 7 Interlaminar normal stress σ zz in the interface of a cross-ply laminate [ 0   deg / 90   deg ] S , comparison with the results of Pipes [ 18 ], Pagano [ 19 ], Kassapoglou and Lagace [ 20 ] (top); interlaminar stresses through the thickness of a quasi-isotropic lamina... More

Fig. 8 Analysis model [ 111 ] for a curved laminate under bending (top and center): the individual physical layers of the curved laminate are subdivided into an arbitrary number of mathematical layers (bottom) Analysis model [111] for a curved laminate under bending (top and center): the individ... More

Fig. 9 Finite element mesh for free-edge effects in curved composite laminates [ 111 ] with significant edge refinements Finite element mesh for free-edge effects in curved composite laminates [111] with significant edge refinements More

Fig. 10 Results for the interlaminar normal stress σ rr in curved cross-ply composite laminates [ 111 ] Results for the interlaminar normal stress σrr in curved cross-ply composite laminates [111] More

Fig. 11 Laminated plate containing a circular hole Laminated plate containing a circular hole More

Fig. 12 In-plane stress distributions at the edge of a circular hole in an isotropic plate under uniaxial tensile load In-plane stress distributions at the edge of a circular hole in an isotropic plate under uniaxial tensile load More

Fig. 13 Interlaminar stresses in the vicinity of a free laminate corner: Due to the intralaminar stresses σ xx , σ yy , τ xy the interlaminar shear stresses τ xz , τ yz and the interlaminar normal stress/the peel stress σ zz are called forth in the vicinity of a free laminate edge Inter... More

Fig. 14 Laminated angle-ply coupon (top) and quarter model (bottom) employing symmetry boundary conditions Laminated angle-ply coupon (top) and quarter model (bottom) employing symmetry boundary conditions More

Fig. 15 SBFEM discretization with global axes x, y, z and local axes ξ,η : in the framework of the SBFEM, it is sufficient to only discretize the boundary Ω d of the considered domain Ω SBFEM discretization with global axes x, y, z and local axes ξ,η: in the framework of the SBFEM, it is s... More