1-20 of 34
Trains
Close
Save search
Follow your search
Access your saved searches in your account
Would you like to receive an alert when new items match your search?
Close Modal
Sort by
Proceedings Papers

Leveraging Conventional Control to Improve Performance of Systems Using Reinforcement Learning

Gerald Eaglin, Joshua Vaughan
Proc. ASME. DSCC2020, Volume 2: Intelligent Transportation/Vehicles; Manufacturing; Mechatronics; Engine/After-Treatment Systems; Soft Actuators/Manipulators; Modeling/Validation; Motion/Vibration Control Applications; Multi-Agent/Networked Systems; Path Planning/Motion Control; Renewable/Smart Energy Systems; Security/Privacy of Cyber-Physical Systems; Sensors/Actuators; Tracking Control Systems; Unmanned Ground/Aerial Vehicles; Vehicle Dynamics, Estimation, Control; Vibration/Control Systems; Vibrations, V002T38A007, October 5–7, 2020
Publisher: American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Paper No: DSCC2020-3307
https://doi.org/10.1115/DSCC2020-3307
View Paper titled, Leveraging Conventional Control to Improve Performance of Systems Using Reinforcement Learning
Open the PDF for Leveraging Conventional Control to Improve Performance of Systems Using Reinforcement Learning in another window
Topics: Control equipment, Dynamics (Mechanics), Engineering simulation, Nonlinear systems, Optimal control, Reinforcement learning, Simulation, Trains
Proceedings Papers

Sensing and Classification of Ambient Vortex Wake From the Kinematics of a Bioinspired Swimming Robot Using Neural Networks

Beau Pollard, Phanindra Tallapragada
Proc. ASME. DSCC2020, Volume 1: Adaptive/Intelligent Sys. Control; Driver Assistance/Autonomous Tech.; Control Design Methods; Nonlinear Control; Robotics; Assistive/Rehabilitation Devices; Biomedical/Neural Systems; Building Energy Systems; Connected Vehicle Systems; Control/Estimation of Energy Systems; Control Apps.; Smart Buildings/Microgrids; Education; Human-Robot Systems; Soft Mechatronics/Robotic Components/Systems; Energy/Power Systems; Energy Storage; Estimation/Identification; Vehicle Efficiency/Emissions, V001T05A011, October 5–7, 2020
Publisher: American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Paper No: DSCC2020-3282
https://doi.org/10.1115/DSCC2020-3282
View Paper titled, Sensing and Classification of Ambient Vortex Wake From the Kinematics of a Bioinspired Swimming Robot Using Neural Networks
Open the PDF for Sensing and Classification of Ambient Vortex Wake From the Kinematics of a Bioinspired Swimming Robot Using Neural Networks in another window
Topics: Artificial neural networks, Biomimetics, Kinematics, Robots, Vortices, Wakes, Flow (Dynamics), Fluid dynamics, Fluids, Pressure
Proceedings Papers

Cutting the Deployment Costs of Physics-Based MPC in Buildings by Simulation-Based Imitation Learning

Jan Drgona, Lieve Helsen, Draguna L. Vrabie
Proc. ASME. DSCC2020, Volume 1: Adaptive/Intelligent Sys. Control; Driver Assistance/Autonomous Tech.; Control Design Methods; Nonlinear Control; Robotics; Assistive/Rehabilitation Devices; Biomedical/Neural Systems; Building Energy Systems; Connected Vehicle Systems; Control/Estimation of Energy Systems; Control Apps.; Smart Buildings/Microgrids; Education; Human-Robot Systems; Soft Mechatronics/Robotic Components/Systems; Energy/Power Systems; Energy Storage; Estimation/Identification; Vehicle Efficiency/Emissions, V001T09A001, October 5–7, 2020
Publisher: American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Paper No: DSCC2020-3118
https://doi.org/10.1115/DSCC2020-3118
View Paper titled, Cutting the Deployment Costs of Physics-Based MPC in Buildings by Simulation-Based Imitation Learning
Open the PDF for Cutting the Deployment Costs of Physics-Based MPC in Buildings by Simulation-Based Imitation Learning in another window
Topics: Cutting, Physics, Simulation, Structures, Artificial neural networks, Computer software, Maintenance, Modeling, Optimal control, Predictive control
Proceedings Papers

Feature Learning Using Deep Neural Networks for Fault Diagnosis in Electromechanical Systems

Mehrdad Heydarzadeh, Alireza Mohammadi, Shahin Hedayati Kia, Mehrdad Nourani, Humberto Henao, Gérard-André Capolino
Proc. ASME. DSCC2019, Volume 1: Advanced Driver Assistance and Autonomous Technologies; Advances in Control Design Methods; Advances in Robotics; Automotive Systems; Design, Modeling, Analysis, and Control of Assistive and Rehabilitation Devices; Diagnostics and Detection; Dynamics and Control of Human-Robot Systems; Energy Optimization for Intelligent Vehicle Systems; Estimation and Identification; Manufacturing, V001T06A003, October 8–11, 2019
Publisher: American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Paper No: DSCC2019-8942
https://doi.org/10.1115/DSCC2019-8942
View Paper titled, Feature Learning Using Deep Neural Networks for Fault Diagnosis in Electromechanical Systems
Open the PDF for Feature Learning Using Deep Neural Networks for Fault Diagnosis in Electromechanical Systems in another window
Topics: Artificial neural networks, Electromechanical systems, Fault diagnosis, Bearings, Algorithms, Mechanical drives, Errors, Gears, Hardware, Machinery
Proceedings Papers

Behavior Inference From Bio-Logging Sensors: A Systematic Approach for Feature Generation, Selection and State Classification

Ding Zhang, K. Alex Shorter, Julie Rocho-Levine, Julie van der Hoop, Michael Moore, Kira Barton
Proc. ASME. DSCC2018, Volume 2: Control and Optimization of Connected and Automated Ground Vehicles; Dynamic Systems and Control Education; Dynamics and Control of Renewable Energy Systems; Energy Harvesting; Energy Systems; Estimation and Identification; Intelligent Transportation and Vehicles; Manufacturing; Mechatronics; Modeling and Control of IC Engines and Aftertreatment Systems; Modeling and Control of IC Engines and Powertrain Systems; Modeling and Management of Power Systems, V002T21A005, September 30–October 3, 2018
Publisher: American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Paper No: DSCC2018-9213
https://doi.org/10.1115/DSCC2018-9213
View Paper titled, Behavior Inference From Bio-Logging Sensors: A Systematic Approach for Feature Generation, Selection and State Classification
Open the PDF for Behavior Inference From Bio-Logging Sensors: A Systematic Approach for Feature Generation, Selection and State Classification in another window
Topics: Sensors, Algorithms, Feature selection, Probability, Robustness, Trains
Proceedings Papers

Performance Evaluation of Train Suspension Energy Harvesting Shock Absorber on Railway Vehicle Dynamics

Yu Pan, Sijing Guo, Ruijin Jiang, Yong Xu, Zhiwen Tu, Lei Zuo
Proc. ASME. DSCC2018, Volume 3: Modeling and Validation; Multi-Agent and Networked Systems; Path Planning and Motion Control; Tracking Control Systems; Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and Application; Unmanned Ground and Aerial Vehicles; Vibration in Mechanical Systems; Vibrations and Control of Systems; Vibrations: Modeling, Analysis, and Control, V003T42A005, September 30–October 3, 2018
Publisher: American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Paper No: DSCC2018-9202
https://doi.org/10.1115/DSCC2018-9202
View Paper titled, Performance Evaluation of Train Suspension Energy Harvesting Shock Absorber on Railway Vehicle Dynamics
Open the PDF for Performance Evaluation of Train Suspension Energy Harvesting Shock Absorber on Railway Vehicle Dynamics in another window
Topics: Dynamics (Mechanics), Energy harvesting, Performance evaluation, Railway vehicles, Shock absorbers, Trains, Rails, Wheels, Braking, Dampers
Proceedings Papers

Characterizing Combustion Instability Using Deep Convolutional Neural Network

Tryambak Gangopadhyay, Anthony Locurto, Paige Boor, James B. Michael, Soumik Sarkar
Proc. ASME. DSCC2018, Volume 1: Advances in Control Design Methods; Advances in Nonlinear Control; Advances in Robotics; Assistive and Rehabilitation Robotics; Automotive Dynamics and Emerging Powertrain Technologies; Automotive Systems; Bio Engineering Applications; Bio-Mechatronics and Physical Human Robot Interaction; Biomedical and Neural Systems; Biomedical and Neural Systems Modeling, Diagnostics, and Healthcare, V001T13A004, September 30–October 3, 2018
Publisher: American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Paper No: DSCC2018-9208
https://doi.org/10.1115/DSCC2018-9208
View Paper titled, Characterizing Combustion Instability Using Deep Convolutional Neural Network
Open the PDF for Characterizing Combustion Instability Using Deep Convolutional Neural Network in another window
Topics: Artificial neural networks, Combustion, Trains, Acoustics, Combustion systems, Flames, Robustness, Sound pressure, Transients (Dynamics)
Proceedings Papers

Brain Computer Interface Using Motor Imagery and Facial Expressions to Control a Mobile Robot

James Kuffuor, Biswanath Samanta
Proc. ASME. DSCC2018, Volume 1: Advances in Control Design Methods; Advances in Nonlinear Control; Advances in Robotics; Assistive and Rehabilitation Robotics; Automotive Dynamics and Emerging Powertrain Technologies; Automotive Systems; Bio Engineering Applications; Bio-Mechatronics and Physical Human Robot Interaction; Biomedical and Neural Systems; Biomedical and Neural Systems Modeling, Diagnostics, and Healthcare, V001T13A006, September 30–October 3, 2018
Publisher: American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Paper No: DSCC2018-9234
https://doi.org/10.1115/DSCC2018-9234
View Paper titled, Brain Computer Interface Using Motor Imagery and Facial Expressions to Control a Mobile Robot
Open the PDF for Brain Computer Interface Using Motor Imagery and Facial Expressions to Control a Mobile Robot in another window
Topics: Brain, Computers, Engines, Mobile robots, Motors, Signals, Electroencephalography, Support vector machines, Sensors, Trains
Proceedings Papers

A Data Model for Turbulence Analysis Downstream of an Ocean Current Turbine Rotor for Hydrokinetic Power Generation

Yuchen Shang, Nikolaos I. Xiros, James H. VanZwieten, Cornel Sultan
Proc. ASME. DSCC2017, Volume 3: Vibration in Mechanical Systems; Modeling and Validation; Dynamic Systems and Control Education; Vibrations and Control of Systems; Modeling and Estimation for Vehicle Safety and Integrity; Modeling and Control of IC Engines and Aftertreatment Systems; Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and Their Applications; Dynamics and Control of Renewable Energy Systems; Energy Harvesting; Control of Smart Buildings and Microgrids; Energy Systems, V003T41A004, October 11–13, 2017
Publisher: American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Paper No: DSCC2017-5371
https://doi.org/10.1115/DSCC2017-5371
View Paper titled, A Data Model for Turbulence Analysis Downstream of an Ocean Current Turbine Rotor for Hydrokinetic Power Generation
Open the PDF for A Data Model for Turbulence Analysis Downstream of an Ocean Current Turbine Rotor for Hydrokinetic Power Generation in another window
Topics: Hydropower, Ocean currents, Rotors, Turbines, Turbulence, Artificial neural networks, Blades, Drag (Fluid dynamics), Flow (Dynamics), Hydraulic turbines
Proceedings Papers

Data Collection for Robust End-to-End Lateral Vehicle Control

A. René Geist, Andreas Hansen, Eugen Solowjow, Shun Yang, Edwin Kreuzer
Proc. ASME. DSCC2017, Volume 1: Aerospace Applications; Advances in Control Design Methods; Bio Engineering Applications; Advances in Non-Linear Control; Adaptive and Intelligent Systems Control; Advances in Wind Energy Systems; Advances in Robotics; Assistive and Rehabilitation Robotics; Biomedical and Neural Systems Modeling, Diagnostics, and Control; Bio-Mechatronics and Physical Human Robot; Advanced Driver Assistance Systems and Autonomous Vehicles; Automotive Systems, V001T45A007, October 11–13, 2017
Publisher: American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Paper No: DSCC2017-5156
https://doi.org/10.1115/DSCC2017-5156
View Paper titled, Data Collection for Robust End-to-End Lateral Vehicle Control
Open the PDF for Data Collection for Robust End-to-End Lateral Vehicle Control in another window
Topics: Data collection, Vehicles, Control equipment, Simulation, Artificial neural networks, Computer software, Matlab, Roads, Robustness, Steering wheels
Proceedings Papers

Multiform Adaptive Robot Skill Learning From Humans

Leidi Zhao, Raheem Lawhorn, Siddharth Patil, Steve Susanibar, Lu Lu, Cong Wang, Bo Ouyang
Proc. ASME. DSCC2017, Volume 1: Aerospace Applications; Advances in Control Design Methods; Bio Engineering Applications; Advances in Non-Linear Control; Adaptive and Intelligent Systems Control; Advances in Wind Energy Systems; Advances in Robotics; Assistive and Rehabilitation Robotics; Biomedical and Neural Systems Modeling, Diagnostics, and Control; Bio-Mechatronics and Physical Human Robot; Advanced Driver Assistance Systems and Autonomous Vehicles; Automotive Systems, V001T30A004, October 11–13, 2017
Publisher: American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Paper No: DSCC2017-5114
https://doi.org/10.1115/DSCC2017-5114
View Paper titled, Multiform Adaptive Robot Skill Learning From Humans
Open the PDF for Multiform Adaptive Robot Skill Learning From Humans in another window
Topics: Robots, Robotics, Grasping, Human-robot interaction, Trains
Proceedings Papers

Optimal Control of a Hydrostatic Wind Turbine Drivetrain for Efficiency Improvements

Majid Deldar, Sohel Anwar
Proc. ASME. DSCC2017, Volume 1: Aerospace Applications; Advances in Control Design Methods; Bio Engineering Applications; Advances in Non-Linear Control; Adaptive and Intelligent Systems Control; Advances in Wind Energy Systems; Advances in Robotics; Assistive and Rehabilitation Robotics; Biomedical and Neural Systems Modeling, Diagnostics, and Control; Bio-Mechatronics and Physical Human Robot; Advanced Driver Assistance Systems and Autonomous Vehicles; Automotive Systems, V001T25A002, October 11–13, 2017
Publisher: American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Paper No: DSCC2017-5071
https://doi.org/10.1115/DSCC2017-5071
View Paper titled, Optimal Control of a Hydrostatic Wind Turbine Drivetrain for Efficiency Improvements
Open the PDF for Optimal Control of a Hydrostatic Wind Turbine Drivetrain for Efficiency Improvements in another window
Topics: Hydrostatics, Optimal control, Wind turbines, Wind velocity, Control equipment, Engines, Motors, Pumps, Rotors, Simulation results
Proceedings Papers

Dynamics Modeling of Train-Track-Harvester System and In-Field Testing of Railroad Energy Harvester

Teng Lin, Yu Pan, Lei Zuo
Proc. ASME. DSCC2016, Volume 1: Advances in Control Design Methods, Nonlinear and Optimal Control, Robotics, and Wind Energy Systems; Aerospace Applications; Assistive and Rehabilitation Robotics; Assistive Robotics; Battery and Oil and Gas Systems; Bioengineering Applications; Biomedical and Neural Systems Modeling, Diagnostics and Healthcare; Control and Monitoring of Vibratory Systems; Diagnostics and Detection; Energy Harvesting; Estimation and Identification; Fuel Cells/Energy Storage; Intelligent Transportation, V001T13A001, October 12–14, 2016
Publisher: American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Paper No: DSCC2016-9723
https://doi.org/10.1115/DSCC2016-9723
View Paper titled, Dynamics Modeling of Train-Track-Harvester System and In-Field Testing of Railroad Energy Harvester
Open the PDF for Dynamics Modeling of Train-Track-Harvester System and In-Field Testing of Railroad Energy Harvester in another window
Topics: Dynamics (Mechanics), Energy harvesting, Modeling, Railroads, Testing, Trains, Electrical measurement, Design, Displacement, Dynamic modeling
Proceedings Papers

Multi-Objective Optimal Control of Under-Actuated Bogie System of High Speed Trains

Yousef Sardahi, Yuan Yao, Jian-Qiao Sun
Proc. ASME. DSCC2016, Volume 1: Advances in Control Design Methods, Nonlinear and Optimal Control, Robotics, and Wind Energy Systems; Aerospace Applications; Assistive and Rehabilitation Robotics; Assistive Robotics; Battery and Oil and Gas Systems; Bioengineering Applications; Biomedical and Neural Systems Modeling, Diagnostics and Healthcare; Control and Monitoring of Vibratory Systems; Diagnostics and Detection; Energy Harvesting; Estimation and Identification; Fuel Cells/Energy Storage; Intelligent Transportation, V001T16A001, October 12–14, 2016
Publisher: American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Paper No: DSCC2016-9622
https://doi.org/10.1115/DSCC2016-9622
View Paper titled, Multi-Objective Optimal Control of Under-Actuated Bogie System of High Speed Trains
Open the PDF for Multi-Objective Optimal Control of Under-Actuated Bogie System of High Speed Trains in another window
Topics: Optimal control, Trains, Design, Feedback, Stability, Computer simulation, Control systems, Genetic algorithms, Pareto optimization, State feedback
Proceedings Papers

Anchorless Design of Electromagnetic Vibration Energy Harvester for Railroad

Teng Lin, Lirong Wang, Lei Zuo
Proc. ASME. DSCC2015, Volume 2: Diagnostics and Detection; Drilling; Dynamics and Control of Wind Energy Systems; Energy Harvesting; Estimation and Identification; Flexible and Smart Structure Control; Fuels Cells/Energy Storage; Human Robot Interaction; HVAC Building Energy Management; Industrial Applications; Intelligent Transportation Systems; Manufacturing; Mechatronics; Modelling and Validation; Motion and Vibration Control Applications, V002T22A006, October 28–30, 2015
Publisher: American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Paper No: DSCC2015-9940
https://doi.org/10.1115/DSCC2015-9940
View Paper titled, Anchorless Design of Electromagnetic Vibration Energy Harvester for Railroad
Open the PDF for Anchorless Design of Electromagnetic Vibration Energy Harvester for Railroad in another window
Topics: Design, Energy harvesting, Railroads, Vibration, Deflection, Dynamic modeling, Electromagnetic radiation, Linear vibration, Railroad construction, Risk
Proceedings Papers

Remote Lead Through Teaching by Human Demonstration Device

Hsien-Chung Lin, Te Tang, Masayoshi Tomizuka, Wenjie Chen
Proc. ASME. DSCC2015, Volume 2: Diagnostics and Detection; Drilling; Dynamics and Control of Wind Energy Systems; Energy Harvesting; Estimation and Identification; Flexible and Smart Structure Control; Fuels Cells/Energy Storage; Human Robot Interaction; HVAC Building Energy Management; Industrial Applications; Intelligent Transportation Systems; Manufacturing; Mechatronics; Modelling and Validation; Motion and Vibration Control Applications, V002T30A003, October 28–30, 2015
Publisher: American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Paper No: DSCC2015-9808
https://doi.org/10.1115/DSCC2015-9808
View Paper titled, Remote Lead Through Teaching by Human Demonstration Device
Open the PDF for Remote Lead Through Teaching by Human Demonstration Device in another window
Topics: Teaching, Robots, Computer programming, Assembly lines, Horizontal directional drilling, Trains
Proceedings Papers

Online Powermanagement With Embedded Optimization for a Multi-Source Hybrid With Dynamic Power Sharing Between Components

Bedatri Moulik, Dirk Söffker
Proc. ASME. DSCC2015, Volume 3: Multiagent Network Systems; Natural Gas and Heat Exchangers; Path Planning and Motion Control; Powertrain Systems; Rehab Robotics; Robot Manipulators; Rollover Prevention (AVS); Sensors and Actuators; Time Delay Systems; Tracking Control Systems; Uncertain Systems and Robustness; Unmanned, Ground and Surface Robotics; Vehicle Dynamics Control; Vibration and Control of Smart Structures/Mech Systems; Vibration Issues in Mechanical Systems, V003T41A001, October 28–30, 2015
Publisher: American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Paper No: DSCC2015-9758
https://doi.org/10.1115/DSCC2015-9758
View Paper titled, Online Powermanagement With Embedded Optimization for a Multi-Source Hybrid With Dynamic Power Sharing Between Components
Open the PDF for Online Powermanagement With Embedded Optimization for a Multi-Source Hybrid With Dynamic Power Sharing Between Components in another window
Topics: Optimization, Control equipment, Storage, Trains, Transportation systems
Proceedings Papers

A Performance Comparison of EMG Classification Methods for Hand and Finger Motion

Sungtae Shin, Reza Langari, Reza Tafreshi
Proc. ASME. DSCC2014, Volume 2: Dynamic Modeling and Diagnostics in Biomedical Systems; Dynamics and Control of Wind Energy Systems; Vehicle Energy Management Optimization; Energy Storage, Optimization; Transportation and Grid Applications; Estimation and Identification Methods, Tracking, Detection, Alternative Propulsion Systems; Ground and Space Vehicle Dynamics; Intelligent Transportation Systems and Control; Energy Harvesting; Modeling and Control for Thermo-Fluid Applications, IC Engines, Manufacturing, V002T16A008, October 22–24, 2014
Publisher: American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Paper No: DSCC2014-5993
https://doi.org/10.1115/DSCC2014-5993
View Paper titled, A Performance Comparison of EMG Classification Methods for Hand and Finger Motion
Open the PDF for A Performance Comparison of EMG Classification Methods for Hand and Finger Motion in another window
Topics: Electromyography, Algorithms, Dimensions, Feature extraction, Pattern recognition, Trains, Discrete wavelet transforms, Machine learning, Multilayer perceptron, Principal component analysis
Proceedings Papers

Experimental Study of an Omni-Directional Wind Fluttering Energy Harvester

Emmanuelle Arroyo, Shaohui Foong, Luc Maréchal, Kristin L. Wood
Proc. ASME. DSCC2014, Volume 3: Industrial Applications; Modeling for Oil and Gas, Control and Validation, Estimation, and Control of Automotive Systems; Multi-Agent and Networked Systems; Control System Design; Physical Human-Robot Interaction; Rehabilitation Robotics; Sensing and Actuation for Control; Biomedical Systems; Time Delay Systems and Stability; Unmanned Ground and Surface Robotics; Vehicle Motion Controls; Vibration Analysis and Isolation; Vibration and Control for Energy Harvesting; Wind Energy, V003T53A002, October 22–24, 2014
Publisher: American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Paper No: DSCC2014-5916
https://doi.org/10.1115/DSCC2014-5916
View Paper titled, Experimental Study of an Omni-Directional Wind Fluttering Energy Harvester
Open the PDF for Experimental Study of an Omni-Directional Wind Fluttering Energy Harvester in another window
Topics: Energy harvesting, Wind, Vibration, Wind turbines, Manufacturing, Tension, Trains, Wind energy
Proceedings Papers

Energy-Based Limit Cycle Compensation for Dynamically Balancing Wheeled Inverted Pendulum Machines

Hari Vasudevan, Aaron M. Dollar, John B. Morrell
Proc. ASME. DSCC2013, Volume 2: Control, Monitoring, and Energy Harvesting of Vibratory Systems; Cooperative and Networked Control; Delay Systems; Dynamical Modeling and Diagnostics in Biomedical Systems; Estimation and Id of Energy Systems; Fault Detection; Flow and Thermal Systems; Haptics and Hand Motion; Human Assistive Systems and Wearable Robots; Instrumentation and Characterization in Bio-Systems; Intelligent Transportation Systems; Linear Systems and Robust Control; Marine Vehicles; Nonholonomic Systems, V002T33A001, October 21–23, 2013
Publisher: American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Paper No: DSCC2013-3843
https://doi.org/10.1115/DSCC2013-3843
View Paper titled, Energy-Based Limit Cycle Compensation for Dynamically Balancing Wheeled Inverted Pendulum Machines
Open the PDF for Energy-Based Limit Cycle Compensation for Dynamically Balancing Wheeled Inverted Pendulum Machines in another window
Topics: Limit cycles, Machinery, Pendulums, Algorithms, Design, Friction, Rolling friction, Sensors, Trains, Wear